Test Bank For Ethics and Law in Dental Hygiene 4th Edition by
Kristin Minihan-Anderson VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Neither a person's cognitive moral development nor their ability to employ what they
understand in actual decisions is frozen at some specified age.
4. Which of the following is true of Piaget's theory of cognitive moral development?
a. The model consists of three stages of moral development.
b. The model defined moral development according to both levels and stages.
c. The model is developed according to the ethic of care.
d. The model categorized stages in the moral development of male children. - 4. ANS: D
Both Piaget and Kohlberg categorized stages in the moral development of male
children. Piaget's model consisted of four stages, whereas Kohlberg defined moral
development according to both levels and stages. Gilligan's model is based on morality
in the context of a relationship she calls the ethic of care.
5. Which of the following is Stage 1 of Piaget's Four-Stage Model of Moral
Development?
a. Heteronomous stage
b. Autonomous stage
c. Amoral stage
d. Egocentric stage - 5. ANS: C
Stage 1 is the amoral stage, which occurs between ages 0 and 2 years. The amoral
stage is followed by the egocentric stage (ages 2 to 7 years); the heteronomous stage
(ages 7 to 12 years); and the autonomous stage (ages 12 and older).
6. According to Piaget's Four-Stage Model of Moral Development, a person accepts the
moral authority of others during the ____________ stage.
a. autonomous
b. egocentric
c. amoral
d. heteronomous - 6. ANS: D
Acceptance of the moral authority of others is characteristic of the heteronomous stage
of moral development.
,7. Externally established rules determine right and wrong action for which of the
following levels of reasoning according to Kohlberg's Three-Level Model of Moral
Development?
a. Preconventional reasoning
b. Conventional reasoning
c. Postconventional or principled reasoning
d. None of the above - 7. ANS: A
Preconventional reasoning is the level of reasoning in which externally established rules
determine right and wrong action.
8. Which of the following represents the highest stage of Kohlberg's Three-Level Model
of Moral Development?
a. Law and order orientation
b. Instrumental relativist orientation
c. Social contract legalistic orientation
d. Universal ethical principle orientation - 8. ANS: D
Stage 6 is the universal ethical principle orientation, the highest stage of Kohlberg's
Model of Moral Development.
9. Gilligan believes that complete moral development occurs in the context of
a. both male justice orientation and a female ethic of care.
b. the male justice orientation but not female ethic of care.
c. the female ethic of care but not male justice orientation.
d. neither the male justice orientation nor the female ethic of care. - 9. ANS: A
Gilligan believes that complete moral development occurs in the context of two moral
orientations—a male justice orientation and a female ethic of care—and therefore that
Kohlberg's measurement of moral development only in a justice-oriented scoring system
is biased toward the male.
10. According to which of the following persons, the duty to report a case of suspected
child abuse is derived from the relationships surrounding the child and the need to
protect the interests of the child?
a. Lawrence Kohlberg
b. Jean Piaget
c. Carol Gilligan
d. Immanuel Kant - 10. ANS: C
According to Gilligan, for a female health care provider, even if her actions turned out to
be identical with those of the male, the basis of those actions being ethically required
would be different; the duty to report—and her actually reporting if she determines this
is her most important duty—is derived from the relationships surrounding the child and
the need to protect the interests of the child.
,11. Experiences, as we make sense of them, in turn change the basic conceptual
structures by which people construct
a. nostalgia.
b. meanings.
c. a hierarchy.
d. a framework. - 11. ANS: B
1. The higher standards expressed in a professional code of ethics and enforced by
those within the profession represents
a. self-regulating behavior.
b. a service orientation.
c. a standard of practice.
d. an organized association. - 1. ANS: A
Health care professionals are held to a higher standard than can be expressed
exclusively by legislative mandate. This is called self-regulating or self-policing behavior
and represents an increased level of trust on the part of the public.
2. The three fundamental ethical principles of the "Physician Charter" include the
primacy of patient welfare, patient autonomy, and the principle of
a. professionalism.
b. interprofessionalism.
c. social justice.
d. altruism. - 2. ANS: C
The principle of social justice is the third main tenet. The desired goal of the publication
"Medical Professionalism in the New Millennium: A Physician Charter" was to
reinvigorate the value of professionalism that includes social responsibility: the ethic of
care, and access to that care, for all members of society.
3. Which of the following models of professionalism described by Ozar is considered to
be the most desirable?
a. Commercial model
b. Interactive model
c. Guild model - 3. ANS: B
The interactive model is preferable because it presents the patient and provider as
partners who make different contributions to the partnership. This equal moral status
creates an obligation for equal respect as partners working together toward attaining
and maintaining oral health.
4. The term interprofessional education (IPE) refers to occasions when students from
two or more health professions
a. are combined into a single education program, for example, Registered Nurse (R.N.)
and Licensed Practical Nurse (L.P.N.) or Osteopathic Physician (D.O.) and Allopathic
Physician (M.D.).
, b. complete the degree requirements for more than one program, for example, an M.D.
and a D.D.S.
c. learn together during part of their professional training.
d. take the same written board examination as part of the licensing process. - 4. ANS: C
The term IPE refers to occasions when students from two or more health professions
learn together during all or part of their professional training with the objective of
cultivating collaborative practice to improve the quality of patient care at the individual
and population level.
5. ____________ are essential skills requiring knowledge, skill, and ability that are
performed by a health care provider.
a. Duties
b. Obligations
c. Basics
d. Competencies - 5. ANS: D
For a dental hygienist, competencies are skills regularly used in real practice settings to
meet the oral health needs of patients. These competencies have been examined and
endorsed by dental hygienists, dentists, and dental educators as valid and appropriate.
6. Which of the following is the term used to describe the system that has been
developed in the United States to protect the public welfare and provide standards for
the evaluation of educational programs and schools?
a. Standards
b. Competencies
c. Accreditation
d. Uniformity - 6. ANS: C
The Commission on Dental Accreditation is the specialized accrediting agency
recognized by the United States Department of Education to accredit programs that
provide basic preparation for licensure in dentistry, dental hygiene, and all related dental
disciplines.
7. Which of the following is the top stage of competency according to the expert learning
continuum?
a. Competent
b. Master
c. Proficient
d. Beginner
e. Novice - 7. ANS: B
The five stages are novice, beginner, competent, proficient, and master. Becoming an
expert is not an end point, rather it is something a true professional constantly strives for
in practice.
Kristin Minihan-Anderson VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Neither a person's cognitive moral development nor their ability to employ what they
understand in actual decisions is frozen at some specified age.
4. Which of the following is true of Piaget's theory of cognitive moral development?
a. The model consists of three stages of moral development.
b. The model defined moral development according to both levels and stages.
c. The model is developed according to the ethic of care.
d. The model categorized stages in the moral development of male children. - 4. ANS: D
Both Piaget and Kohlberg categorized stages in the moral development of male
children. Piaget's model consisted of four stages, whereas Kohlberg defined moral
development according to both levels and stages. Gilligan's model is based on morality
in the context of a relationship she calls the ethic of care.
5. Which of the following is Stage 1 of Piaget's Four-Stage Model of Moral
Development?
a. Heteronomous stage
b. Autonomous stage
c. Amoral stage
d. Egocentric stage - 5. ANS: C
Stage 1 is the amoral stage, which occurs between ages 0 and 2 years. The amoral
stage is followed by the egocentric stage (ages 2 to 7 years); the heteronomous stage
(ages 7 to 12 years); and the autonomous stage (ages 12 and older).
6. According to Piaget's Four-Stage Model of Moral Development, a person accepts the
moral authority of others during the ____________ stage.
a. autonomous
b. egocentric
c. amoral
d. heteronomous - 6. ANS: D
Acceptance of the moral authority of others is characteristic of the heteronomous stage
of moral development.
,7. Externally established rules determine right and wrong action for which of the
following levels of reasoning according to Kohlberg's Three-Level Model of Moral
Development?
a. Preconventional reasoning
b. Conventional reasoning
c. Postconventional or principled reasoning
d. None of the above - 7. ANS: A
Preconventional reasoning is the level of reasoning in which externally established rules
determine right and wrong action.
8. Which of the following represents the highest stage of Kohlberg's Three-Level Model
of Moral Development?
a. Law and order orientation
b. Instrumental relativist orientation
c. Social contract legalistic orientation
d. Universal ethical principle orientation - 8. ANS: D
Stage 6 is the universal ethical principle orientation, the highest stage of Kohlberg's
Model of Moral Development.
9. Gilligan believes that complete moral development occurs in the context of
a. both male justice orientation and a female ethic of care.
b. the male justice orientation but not female ethic of care.
c. the female ethic of care but not male justice orientation.
d. neither the male justice orientation nor the female ethic of care. - 9. ANS: A
Gilligan believes that complete moral development occurs in the context of two moral
orientations—a male justice orientation and a female ethic of care—and therefore that
Kohlberg's measurement of moral development only in a justice-oriented scoring system
is biased toward the male.
10. According to which of the following persons, the duty to report a case of suspected
child abuse is derived from the relationships surrounding the child and the need to
protect the interests of the child?
a. Lawrence Kohlberg
b. Jean Piaget
c. Carol Gilligan
d. Immanuel Kant - 10. ANS: C
According to Gilligan, for a female health care provider, even if her actions turned out to
be identical with those of the male, the basis of those actions being ethically required
would be different; the duty to report—and her actually reporting if she determines this
is her most important duty—is derived from the relationships surrounding the child and
the need to protect the interests of the child.
,11. Experiences, as we make sense of them, in turn change the basic conceptual
structures by which people construct
a. nostalgia.
b. meanings.
c. a hierarchy.
d. a framework. - 11. ANS: B
1. The higher standards expressed in a professional code of ethics and enforced by
those within the profession represents
a. self-regulating behavior.
b. a service orientation.
c. a standard of practice.
d. an organized association. - 1. ANS: A
Health care professionals are held to a higher standard than can be expressed
exclusively by legislative mandate. This is called self-regulating or self-policing behavior
and represents an increased level of trust on the part of the public.
2. The three fundamental ethical principles of the "Physician Charter" include the
primacy of patient welfare, patient autonomy, and the principle of
a. professionalism.
b. interprofessionalism.
c. social justice.
d. altruism. - 2. ANS: C
The principle of social justice is the third main tenet. The desired goal of the publication
"Medical Professionalism in the New Millennium: A Physician Charter" was to
reinvigorate the value of professionalism that includes social responsibility: the ethic of
care, and access to that care, for all members of society.
3. Which of the following models of professionalism described by Ozar is considered to
be the most desirable?
a. Commercial model
b. Interactive model
c. Guild model - 3. ANS: B
The interactive model is preferable because it presents the patient and provider as
partners who make different contributions to the partnership. This equal moral status
creates an obligation for equal respect as partners working together toward attaining
and maintaining oral health.
4. The term interprofessional education (IPE) refers to occasions when students from
two or more health professions
a. are combined into a single education program, for example, Registered Nurse (R.N.)
and Licensed Practical Nurse (L.P.N.) or Osteopathic Physician (D.O.) and Allopathic
Physician (M.D.).
, b. complete the degree requirements for more than one program, for example, an M.D.
and a D.D.S.
c. learn together during part of their professional training.
d. take the same written board examination as part of the licensing process. - 4. ANS: C
The term IPE refers to occasions when students from two or more health professions
learn together during all or part of their professional training with the objective of
cultivating collaborative practice to improve the quality of patient care at the individual
and population level.
5. ____________ are essential skills requiring knowledge, skill, and ability that are
performed by a health care provider.
a. Duties
b. Obligations
c. Basics
d. Competencies - 5. ANS: D
For a dental hygienist, competencies are skills regularly used in real practice settings to
meet the oral health needs of patients. These competencies have been examined and
endorsed by dental hygienists, dentists, and dental educators as valid and appropriate.
6. Which of the following is the term used to describe the system that has been
developed in the United States to protect the public welfare and provide standards for
the evaluation of educational programs and schools?
a. Standards
b. Competencies
c. Accreditation
d. Uniformity - 6. ANS: C
The Commission on Dental Accreditation is the specialized accrediting agency
recognized by the United States Department of Education to accredit programs that
provide basic preparation for licensure in dentistry, dental hygiene, and all related dental
disciplines.
7. Which of the following is the top stage of competency according to the expert learning
continuum?
a. Competent
b. Master
c. Proficient
d. Beginner
e. Novice - 7. ANS: B
The five stages are novice, beginner, competent, proficient, and master. Becoming an
expert is not an end point, rather it is something a true professional constantly strives for
in practice.
