Bio 1320 Exam 2 Questions With Correct Solutions, Already Passed!!

1 molecule of ATP is recycled thousands of times - -building a bond between uncharged ADP and P = storing energy - Endergonic reaction -Breaking the bond in ATP (to make ADP and P) = releasing energy - exergonic reaction 3 main principles of cell theory - Activation energy - -chemical reactions need a certain amount of energy to get started: Activation energy -with no help, it can take too long for a chemical reaction to get over its activation energy: this means life can stop (death) Active transport - -cell use a protein and energy (in ATP) to move molecules across cell membranes against their concentration gradient -EX: too much calcium can poison a cell, so it actively pumps calcium out, even if it is at a higher concentration outside ADP - ATP - -ADP and a free phosphate can be reconnected again (with incoming kinetic energy from glucose breakdown) = ATP, which is charged up again with energy -in this way, ATP acts like a rechargeable battery ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a Free phosphate - -to release energy from ATP (to fuel our cells), we must break a bond in the ATP molecule -the bond we break is between 2 phosphates -leaves ADP and a free phosphate ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - -the most common energy-carrier molecule -is a nucleotide, which always have at least 1 phosphate, a sugar, and a baseAttachment proteins - -anchor and attach the cell membrane to the inner cytoskeleton and to other cells -remember: we already learned about these - tight junctions and desmosomes cell - the smallest unit of life Cell junctions - -allow for attachment and communication between cells -3 types: desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions (animals) or plasmodesmata (plants) -single celled organisms exist on their own -but multi cellular eukaryotic organisms (like plants and animals) have to stick together and communicate with each other in order to work as a unit Cell membrane - -contains phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins -all living things are composed of cells and all cells have a cell membrane Cell Membrane - -encloses the cell and regulates what goes in and out -made of phospholipids Cell theory - every cell came from another, pre existing cell -the facts that all living organisms are made up of one or more cells and that all cells arise from preexisting cells are the foundations of cell theory Cell wall - -coating over the cell membrane that protects and supports cells -only plant cells have a cell wall Cells have a common characteristic - -most are small -a "bigger" being has MORE cells, not bigger cells -small cells are fast and efficientCentral vacuole - -very large - takes up half or more of a plant cell and has many functions -filled with fluid - helps maintain water balance -stores wastes and nutrients -contains pigments that give flowers their color -provide pressure called "turgor pressure" to keep cells rigid -only in plant cells