Phgy 210 Exam Study Set
who doesn't need a cardiovascular system - Answer amoeba
how many capillaries per cardiac myocyte - Answer one
which organ has the highest oxygen consumption and why - Answer the heart because it
is working all the time
what processes allow O2 to move into cells - Answer bulk flow and diffusion
how does insect circulation work - Answer hemolymph is pumped by the heart and
seeps around the organs: open circulation
why don't insects need hemoglobin - Answer air is brought into the insect via their skin
how does piscine circulation work - Answer closed circulation, single loop, with 2
chambers
how does amphibian and most reptile circulation work - Answer closed circulation,
double loop with 3 chamber
how do oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood remain separated in amphibian
ventricle - Answer the ventricle has a certain shape which allows the different blood
types to remain largely separated
how does avian and mammalian circulation work - Answer closed circulation, two loops,
4 chambers
what is the human blood volume - Answer 5 L
what is the stroke volume - Answer 70 mL
what is the cardiac output - Answer 5 L/min
what is the resting heart rate - Answer 70 beats/min
what is the formula for flow - Answer V/T
which arteries are resistance vessels - Answer small arteries and arterioles
what are the advantages of a branching network? (4) - Answer any cell is close to a
capillary, high total area of walls of capillaries, low blood flow velocity, high total cross
sectional area
why is there a lot of pressure lost in small arteries and arterioles - Answer the
resistance to flow is very high; need bigger pressure to get the same flow
what is hydrostatic pressure - Answer the pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a
given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity
, how does a mercury sphygmomanometer work - Answer air is pumped into the tube;
mercury will stop moving when the hydrostatic pressure equals the pressure in the
pump
what is the central venous pressure - Answer 5-10 cm H2O
What is perfusion pressure? - Answer difference between arterial and venous pressure;
can be approximated to the arterial pressure
how to calculate flow - Answer perfusion pressure/resistance
Poiseuille's Law - Answer R=8vL/pir^4
why would you want to change resistance of blood vessels - Answer to change blood
flow
what is trans mural pressure - Answer the difference in pressure between the
intravascular pressure and the pressure exerted on the outside of the vessel wall.
what is the formula for compliance - Answer deltaV/deltaP
why do veins have a higher compliance - Answer change in volume results in a very
small change in pressure; thus compliance is large
how do leaflets of the valve open and close - Answer papillary muscles contract, pull on
chordae tendinae, pull on leaflets
what is the activation sequence of the heart - Answer cells in the SA node get activated;
AP from the node spreads across the right atrium to the left atrium; travels through the
AV node through the bundle of His; spreads through Purkinje fibers; goes into left and
right sides of septum; into the endocardium; AP moves to epicardium
what causes the P wave - Answer atrial depolarization
what causes the Q wave - Answer depolarization of septum
what causes the R wave - Answer depolarization of the ventricle free walls
what causes the T wave - Answer ventricular repolarization
what makes Lead I - Answer voltage difference between LA and RA
what are the 2 main differences between ventricular AP and nerve AP - Answer duration
is much longer; resting potential is more hyper-polarized (-90 mV)
what sequence of events cause APs to occur - Answer Na+ channels open; at the peak
of the AP, Na+ channels close; K channels sense the increase in voltage and close; Ca
channels sense the increase and open; K channels eventually open and repolarize the
membrane
what is different about Sinus node action potentials (2) - Answer does not have a resting
who doesn't need a cardiovascular system - Answer amoeba
how many capillaries per cardiac myocyte - Answer one
which organ has the highest oxygen consumption and why - Answer the heart because it
is working all the time
what processes allow O2 to move into cells - Answer bulk flow and diffusion
how does insect circulation work - Answer hemolymph is pumped by the heart and
seeps around the organs: open circulation
why don't insects need hemoglobin - Answer air is brought into the insect via their skin
how does piscine circulation work - Answer closed circulation, single loop, with 2
chambers
how does amphibian and most reptile circulation work - Answer closed circulation,
double loop with 3 chamber
how do oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood remain separated in amphibian
ventricle - Answer the ventricle has a certain shape which allows the different blood
types to remain largely separated
how does avian and mammalian circulation work - Answer closed circulation, two loops,
4 chambers
what is the human blood volume - Answer 5 L
what is the stroke volume - Answer 70 mL
what is the cardiac output - Answer 5 L/min
what is the resting heart rate - Answer 70 beats/min
what is the formula for flow - Answer V/T
which arteries are resistance vessels - Answer small arteries and arterioles
what are the advantages of a branching network? (4) - Answer any cell is close to a
capillary, high total area of walls of capillaries, low blood flow velocity, high total cross
sectional area
why is there a lot of pressure lost in small arteries and arterioles - Answer the
resistance to flow is very high; need bigger pressure to get the same flow
what is hydrostatic pressure - Answer the pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a
given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity
, how does a mercury sphygmomanometer work - Answer air is pumped into the tube;
mercury will stop moving when the hydrostatic pressure equals the pressure in the
pump
what is the central venous pressure - Answer 5-10 cm H2O
What is perfusion pressure? - Answer difference between arterial and venous pressure;
can be approximated to the arterial pressure
how to calculate flow - Answer perfusion pressure/resistance
Poiseuille's Law - Answer R=8vL/pir^4
why would you want to change resistance of blood vessels - Answer to change blood
flow
what is trans mural pressure - Answer the difference in pressure between the
intravascular pressure and the pressure exerted on the outside of the vessel wall.
what is the formula for compliance - Answer deltaV/deltaP
why do veins have a higher compliance - Answer change in volume results in a very
small change in pressure; thus compliance is large
how do leaflets of the valve open and close - Answer papillary muscles contract, pull on
chordae tendinae, pull on leaflets
what is the activation sequence of the heart - Answer cells in the SA node get activated;
AP from the node spreads across the right atrium to the left atrium; travels through the
AV node through the bundle of His; spreads through Purkinje fibers; goes into left and
right sides of septum; into the endocardium; AP moves to epicardium
what causes the P wave - Answer atrial depolarization
what causes the Q wave - Answer depolarization of septum
what causes the R wave - Answer depolarization of the ventricle free walls
what causes the T wave - Answer ventricular repolarization
what makes Lead I - Answer voltage difference between LA and RA
what are the 2 main differences between ventricular AP and nerve AP - Answer duration
is much longer; resting potential is more hyper-polarized (-90 mV)
what sequence of events cause APs to occur - Answer Na+ channels open; at the peak
of the AP, Na+ channels close; K channels sense the increase in voltage and close; Ca
channels sense the increase and open; K channels eventually open and repolarize the
membrane
what is different about Sinus node action potentials (2) - Answer does not have a resting
