Nursing Care of Adults exam 1
Four main functions of water - ANS 1. Be a vehicle for the transportation of substances to and
from the cells
2. Aid heat regulation by providing perspiration, which evaporates and cools the body
3. Assist in maintenance of hydrogen (H+) balance in the body
4. Serve as a medium for the enzymatic action of digestion.
What 4 things control fluid balance? - ANS -OSMORECEPTORS in the hypothalamus sense
the internal environment and promote the intake of fluid (thirst mechanism) when needed.
-ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH), released by the posterior pituitary, controls how much fluid
leaves the body in the urine and causes reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules.
-ALDOSTERONE and ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (ANP) regulate the reabsorption of
water and sodium ions from the kidney tubules
-BARORECEPTORS in the carotid sinus and aortic arch detect pressure changes that indicate
an increase or decrease in blood volume and stimulate the sympathetic or parasympathetic
nervous system to return the pressure to normal.
Diffusion - ANS Process by which substances move across the membrane until they are evenly
distributed in the available space.
When the solution on one side of the membrane is more concentrated than the solution on the
other side of the membrane, the particles in the more concentrated solution travel through the
membranes to the less concentrated side in an attempt to equalize the concentration of the two
solutions.
Passive transport
Body Fluid Distribution - ANS -EXTRACELLULAR:
1/3 of total body water
Transports water, nutrients, oxygen, waste, etc. to and from the cells
Regulated by renal, metabolic, and neurologic factors
High in sodium (NA+) content.
*Intravascular Fluid:
Fluid within the blood vessels
Consists of plasma and fluid within blood cells
, Contains large amounts of protein and electrolytes
*Interstitial Fluid:
Fluid in the spaces surrounding the cells
High in Na+ content
*Transcellular Fluid:
Includes aqueous humor; saliva; cerebrospinal, pleural, peritoneal, synovial, and pericardial
fluids; gastrointestinal secretions; and fluid in the urinary system and lymphatics
-INTRACELLULAR:
2/3 of total body fluid
Fluid contained within the cell walls; most cell walls are permeable to water
High in potassium (K+) content.
Osmosis - ANS Movement of pure solvent (liquid) across a membrane.
WATER MOVES BY OSMOSIS
When there are differences in concentration of fluids in the various compartments, osmotic
pressure will move water from the area of lesser concentration of solutes to the area of greater
concentration until the solutions in the compartments are of equal concentration.
This process takes place via a semipermeable membrane, a membrane that allows some
substances to pass through but prevents the passage of other substances.
Fluid moves between the interstitial and intracellular, and between the interstitial and
intravascular compartments by osmosis.
Active Transport - ANS Requires cellular energy, which can move molecules into cells
regardless of their electrical charge or the concentrations already in the cell.
Active transport may move substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher
concentration.
The energy source for active transport is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Amino acids, glucose, iron, hydrogen, sodium, potassium, and calcium are moved through the
cell membrane by active transport.
The "Sodium pump" is the mechanism by which sodium and potassium are moved into or out of
the cell via active transport.
Insensible Water Loss - ANS For every degree of fever on the Celsius scale, insensible
(unaware of) water loss or 10% may occur.
Four main functions of water - ANS 1. Be a vehicle for the transportation of substances to and
from the cells
2. Aid heat regulation by providing perspiration, which evaporates and cools the body
3. Assist in maintenance of hydrogen (H+) balance in the body
4. Serve as a medium for the enzymatic action of digestion.
What 4 things control fluid balance? - ANS -OSMORECEPTORS in the hypothalamus sense
the internal environment and promote the intake of fluid (thirst mechanism) when needed.
-ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH), released by the posterior pituitary, controls how much fluid
leaves the body in the urine and causes reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules.
-ALDOSTERONE and ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (ANP) regulate the reabsorption of
water and sodium ions from the kidney tubules
-BARORECEPTORS in the carotid sinus and aortic arch detect pressure changes that indicate
an increase or decrease in blood volume and stimulate the sympathetic or parasympathetic
nervous system to return the pressure to normal.
Diffusion - ANS Process by which substances move across the membrane until they are evenly
distributed in the available space.
When the solution on one side of the membrane is more concentrated than the solution on the
other side of the membrane, the particles in the more concentrated solution travel through the
membranes to the less concentrated side in an attempt to equalize the concentration of the two
solutions.
Passive transport
Body Fluid Distribution - ANS -EXTRACELLULAR:
1/3 of total body water
Transports water, nutrients, oxygen, waste, etc. to and from the cells
Regulated by renal, metabolic, and neurologic factors
High in sodium (NA+) content.
*Intravascular Fluid:
Fluid within the blood vessels
Consists of plasma and fluid within blood cells
, Contains large amounts of protein and electrolytes
*Interstitial Fluid:
Fluid in the spaces surrounding the cells
High in Na+ content
*Transcellular Fluid:
Includes aqueous humor; saliva; cerebrospinal, pleural, peritoneal, synovial, and pericardial
fluids; gastrointestinal secretions; and fluid in the urinary system and lymphatics
-INTRACELLULAR:
2/3 of total body fluid
Fluid contained within the cell walls; most cell walls are permeable to water
High in potassium (K+) content.
Osmosis - ANS Movement of pure solvent (liquid) across a membrane.
WATER MOVES BY OSMOSIS
When there are differences in concentration of fluids in the various compartments, osmotic
pressure will move water from the area of lesser concentration of solutes to the area of greater
concentration until the solutions in the compartments are of equal concentration.
This process takes place via a semipermeable membrane, a membrane that allows some
substances to pass through but prevents the passage of other substances.
Fluid moves between the interstitial and intracellular, and between the interstitial and
intravascular compartments by osmosis.
Active Transport - ANS Requires cellular energy, which can move molecules into cells
regardless of their electrical charge or the concentrations already in the cell.
Active transport may move substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher
concentration.
The energy source for active transport is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Amino acids, glucose, iron, hydrogen, sodium, potassium, and calcium are moved through the
cell membrane by active transport.
The "Sodium pump" is the mechanism by which sodium and potassium are moved into or out of
the cell via active transport.
Insensible Water Loss - ANS For every degree of fever on the Celsius scale, insensible
(unaware of) water loss or 10% may occur.
