NURS 3380 - Pain and Anesthesia -Questions with Correct Answers/
Verified
What common ending do all local anesthetic have?
Caine
What is the common action of local anesthetic?
Block PERCEPTION of pain by blocking sodium channels
Use of local anesthetic produces a _________ effect
Regional
T/F: local anesthetics can commonly cause CNS depression
F
What are the two classifications of local anesthetics?
- ester
- amides
What is in important consideration regarding ester type reactions?
Allergy will be across ALL ester type drugs
What is the onset of local anesthetics affected by?
- molecular size
- lipid solubility
- degree of ionization at tissue pH
What type of tissue has a longer onset and longer duration of local anesthetics?
Hypoxic tissue
Local anesthetics have a shorter duration of action in _______ blood flow tissues, and a longer
duration of action in _________ blood flow tissues
High, low
What vasoconstrictor are Caine type drugs often combined with when administering?
Epinephrine
Why is epinephrine formulated with local anesthetics?
Prolonged action and decreases toxicity systemically
What are the side effects of using epinephrine?
- palpations
- arrhythmia
- HTN
- nervousness
- tachycardia
,What is administered when there is toxicity to epinephrine?
Alpha and beta adrenergic antagonist
What is the action of esters and amides in general?
Block sodium channels to block pain signaling
What are the general side effects of ester and amide type drugs:
- decreased uterine contractions
- neonatal CNS depression
- bradycardia, hypotension (if reached systemically)
- CNS excitation —> depression (seizure risk)
What side effect can happen with chronic use of ester and amide type drugs in children <2yo?
Methemoglobinemia
What are the Ester type local anesthetic drugs?
- chloroprocaine
- benzocaine
- cocaine
- tetracaine
What are the Amide type local anesthetic drugs?
- lidocaine
- buvicaine
What route(s) are chloroprocaine available?
Injection
Chloroprocaine has in increased risk of causing what side effect?
Allergic reaction
What is the most commonly used ester type local anesthetic?
Benzocaine
Benzocaine is contraindicated in patients of what age? Why?
<2yo, methemoglobinemia
Benzocaine is the active ingredient in what OTC product?
Toothache gels
How is benzocaine administered?
Topical
What drug was the first ever local anesthetic?
, Cocaine
What types of procedures is cocaine still utilized in?
Ear, nose, throat
How is cocaine administered topically?
Topically
What is the mechanism of action of cocaine?
Inhibits norepinephrine reuptake
What are the side effects of cocaine?
- CNS excitation —> CNS depression
- adrenergic stimulation
T/F: cocaine is administered with a vasoconstrictor (epinephrine)
F - there is already going to be increased NE
What is the most common Amide type local anesthetic?
Lidocaine
How is lidocaine administered?
Injection or topically
Why can lidocaine become dangerous when administered topically ?
Higher concentration than injection forms
What are general anesthetics used for ?
Lack of PAIN SENSATION and UNCONSCIOUSNESS
Anesthesia meaning
Loss of pain and sensation
Analgesia meaning
Loss of sense of pain
What is are the mechanisms of action in general anesthetics?
- enhance inhibitory synapses
- activation of GABA
- Glock glutamate
- decrease excitation at excitatory synapse
What are the INHALED general anesthetics?
- isoflaurane
- nitrous oxide
Verified
What common ending do all local anesthetic have?
Caine
What is the common action of local anesthetic?
Block PERCEPTION of pain by blocking sodium channels
Use of local anesthetic produces a _________ effect
Regional
T/F: local anesthetics can commonly cause CNS depression
F
What are the two classifications of local anesthetics?
- ester
- amides
What is in important consideration regarding ester type reactions?
Allergy will be across ALL ester type drugs
What is the onset of local anesthetics affected by?
- molecular size
- lipid solubility
- degree of ionization at tissue pH
What type of tissue has a longer onset and longer duration of local anesthetics?
Hypoxic tissue
Local anesthetics have a shorter duration of action in _______ blood flow tissues, and a longer
duration of action in _________ blood flow tissues
High, low
What vasoconstrictor are Caine type drugs often combined with when administering?
Epinephrine
Why is epinephrine formulated with local anesthetics?
Prolonged action and decreases toxicity systemically
What are the side effects of using epinephrine?
- palpations
- arrhythmia
- HTN
- nervousness
- tachycardia
,What is administered when there is toxicity to epinephrine?
Alpha and beta adrenergic antagonist
What is the action of esters and amides in general?
Block sodium channels to block pain signaling
What are the general side effects of ester and amide type drugs:
- decreased uterine contractions
- neonatal CNS depression
- bradycardia, hypotension (if reached systemically)
- CNS excitation —> depression (seizure risk)
What side effect can happen with chronic use of ester and amide type drugs in children <2yo?
Methemoglobinemia
What are the Ester type local anesthetic drugs?
- chloroprocaine
- benzocaine
- cocaine
- tetracaine
What are the Amide type local anesthetic drugs?
- lidocaine
- buvicaine
What route(s) are chloroprocaine available?
Injection
Chloroprocaine has in increased risk of causing what side effect?
Allergic reaction
What is the most commonly used ester type local anesthetic?
Benzocaine
Benzocaine is contraindicated in patients of what age? Why?
<2yo, methemoglobinemia
Benzocaine is the active ingredient in what OTC product?
Toothache gels
How is benzocaine administered?
Topical
What drug was the first ever local anesthetic?
, Cocaine
What types of procedures is cocaine still utilized in?
Ear, nose, throat
How is cocaine administered topically?
Topically
What is the mechanism of action of cocaine?
Inhibits norepinephrine reuptake
What are the side effects of cocaine?
- CNS excitation —> CNS depression
- adrenergic stimulation
T/F: cocaine is administered with a vasoconstrictor (epinephrine)
F - there is already going to be increased NE
What is the most common Amide type local anesthetic?
Lidocaine
How is lidocaine administered?
Injection or topically
Why can lidocaine become dangerous when administered topically ?
Higher concentration than injection forms
What are general anesthetics used for ?
Lack of PAIN SENSATION and UNCONSCIOUSNESS
Anesthesia meaning
Loss of pain and sensation
Analgesia meaning
Loss of sense of pain
What is are the mechanisms of action in general anesthetics?
- enhance inhibitory synapses
- activation of GABA
- Glock glutamate
- decrease excitation at excitatory synapse
What are the INHALED general anesthetics?
- isoflaurane
- nitrous oxide
