Understanding Pharmacology Essentials
for Medication Safety - Midterm
2 Types of Diuretics - ANSWER-Natriuretic diuretics and osmotic diuretics
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction - ANSWER-Cortisol excreted excessively - Hypercortisolism or Cushing's
disease. /or Aldosterone is excessively excreted - Hyperaldosteronism. (excretion of both is rare)
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction - ANSWER-Greatly reduced secretion of cortisol and aldosterone.
Hypoglycemia, salt craving, muscle weakness, hypotension, fatigue, low serum sodium levels, high
serum potassium levels.
Adrenal Glands - ANSWER-Small triangular-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys. 2
Layers: 🔹Cortex-thick outer layer 🔹Medulla-Inner layer.
Adverse - Loop diuretics - ANSWER-Fainting w/ position changes, irregular heart rhythms, ototoxic.
Hyperglycemia.
Adverse - Potassium-Sparing - ANSWER-Increased risk for hyerkalemia, dysrhythmia (bcuz High
potassium levels)
Adverse Effects - Adrenal Horomone Suppressing - ANSWER-Can lead to problems of adrenal
insufficiency. Mifepristone-Drug used to induce abortion and can cause pregnancy loss.
Adverse Effects - Fludrocortisone - ANSWER-Congestive heart failure (CHF), -if CHF occurs drug is
reduced/stopped.
Adverse Effects - Thiazide diuretics - ANSWER-Passing out w/ position change, muscle weakness, blurred
vision. Metolazone-Impaired glucose tolerance, glucosuria, and hyperglycemia (check BS more
frequently if diabetic).
Adverse Effects - Thyroid horomone agonists - ANSWER-Increased activity of the cardiac and nervous
systems. Cardiac - can overwork the heart, and lead to angina pain, a heart attack, and heart failure.
Nervous - can lead to seizures. (can occur in patient taking high doses, more likely in some w/seizures).
Enhances the action of anticoagulants.
Adverse Effects - Thyroid-suppressing - ANSWER-Bone marrow suppresion (decreases amt. of blood
cells)➡more prone to infrction, increased risk of anemia. Hepatotoxic, Kidney damage (less often),
enhance the action of anticoagulants.
Adverse Effects - Urinary Antispasmodics - ANSWER-Chest pain, tachy, dysrhythmia, dyspnea, edema
(swelling), rapid weight gain, confusion, and hallucinations, decreased/none/painful urination.
Agonist - ANSWER-An extrinsic drug that activates the receptor site of a cell and mimics the actions of
naturally occurring body substances (intrinsic)
Aldosterone - ANSWER-Mineral corticoid horomone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates
sodium and water balance.
Aldosterone Deficiency Corrected w/ - ANSWER-Fludrocortisone
Andiodema - ANSWER-Allergic reaction that
, Understanding Pharmacology Essentials
for Medication Safety - Midterm
Antagonist - ANSWER-Extrinsic drug that blocks the receptor site of a cell, preventing the naturally
occurring body substances from binding to the receptor
Before - Loop diuretics - ANSWER-Call Doc-If 2 or more ototoxic drugs.
Carbonic Anyhydrase Inhibitors - ANSWER-Primarily used for treatment of glaucoma, sometimes used
for diuresis.
Common Adrenal Suppressing Drugs - ANSWER-Mitotane and Mifepristone
Common Loop Diuretics - ANSWER-furosemide(Lasix), bumetanide(Bumex), ethacrynic acid (Edecrin),
toremide (Demadex)
Common Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - ANSWER-Sironolactone, triamterene, amiloride
Common Thyroid-Suppressing Drugs - ANSWER-Methimazole is 10x stronger than propylthiouracil.
Common Urinary Antispasmodics - ANSWER-Oxybutynin, Oxybutyin transdermal system patch,
tolterodine, solifenacin, darifenacin, trospium chloride.
Cortex of the Adrenal Glands - ANSWER-Secrets 2 steroid horomones, 🔹Cortisol(glucocorticoid)
🔹Aldosterone
Corticosteroids - ANSWER-Drugs similar to natural cortisol.
Cortisol - ANSWER-Horomone secreted by the adrenal cortex, that is essential for life.
Cortisol helps to regulate - ANSWER-🔹Body's response to stress 🔹Carb, protein, and fat metabolism.
🔹Immune Function 🔹Emotional stability 🔹Sodium and water balance 🔹Normal excitability of heart
muscle cells.
Detrusor Muscle - ANSWER-Layer of involuntary muscle in the bladder wall; during urination it contracts
to squeeze urine out of the bladder into the urethra.
Diabetes and Thyroid Horomone Replacement - ANSWER-Increases a patient's BS level; may need higher
doses of insulin/antidiabetics.
Diuresis - ANSWER-the increased output of urine
Diuretics - ANSWER-Drugs that help rid the body of excess water and sodium.
Diuretics Prescribed For: - ANSWER-Hypertension, heart failure, Kidney disease, liver disease (cirrhosis)
Effects of Thyroid Suppressing drugs - ANSWER-Usually not seen until 3 to 4 weeks after they have been
taken daily.
Epinephrine - ANSWER-when injected, it binds to the same adrenaline receptor sites on the hear muscle
cells and causes the same effects of adrenaline
for Medication Safety - Midterm
2 Types of Diuretics - ANSWER-Natriuretic diuretics and osmotic diuretics
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction - ANSWER-Cortisol excreted excessively - Hypercortisolism or Cushing's
disease. /or Aldosterone is excessively excreted - Hyperaldosteronism. (excretion of both is rare)
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction - ANSWER-Greatly reduced secretion of cortisol and aldosterone.
Hypoglycemia, salt craving, muscle weakness, hypotension, fatigue, low serum sodium levels, high
serum potassium levels.
Adrenal Glands - ANSWER-Small triangular-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys. 2
Layers: 🔹Cortex-thick outer layer 🔹Medulla-Inner layer.
Adverse - Loop diuretics - ANSWER-Fainting w/ position changes, irregular heart rhythms, ototoxic.
Hyperglycemia.
Adverse - Potassium-Sparing - ANSWER-Increased risk for hyerkalemia, dysrhythmia (bcuz High
potassium levels)
Adverse Effects - Adrenal Horomone Suppressing - ANSWER-Can lead to problems of adrenal
insufficiency. Mifepristone-Drug used to induce abortion and can cause pregnancy loss.
Adverse Effects - Fludrocortisone - ANSWER-Congestive heart failure (CHF), -if CHF occurs drug is
reduced/stopped.
Adverse Effects - Thiazide diuretics - ANSWER-Passing out w/ position change, muscle weakness, blurred
vision. Metolazone-Impaired glucose tolerance, glucosuria, and hyperglycemia (check BS more
frequently if diabetic).
Adverse Effects - Thyroid horomone agonists - ANSWER-Increased activity of the cardiac and nervous
systems. Cardiac - can overwork the heart, and lead to angina pain, a heart attack, and heart failure.
Nervous - can lead to seizures. (can occur in patient taking high doses, more likely in some w/seizures).
Enhances the action of anticoagulants.
Adverse Effects - Thyroid-suppressing - ANSWER-Bone marrow suppresion (decreases amt. of blood
cells)➡more prone to infrction, increased risk of anemia. Hepatotoxic, Kidney damage (less often),
enhance the action of anticoagulants.
Adverse Effects - Urinary Antispasmodics - ANSWER-Chest pain, tachy, dysrhythmia, dyspnea, edema
(swelling), rapid weight gain, confusion, and hallucinations, decreased/none/painful urination.
Agonist - ANSWER-An extrinsic drug that activates the receptor site of a cell and mimics the actions of
naturally occurring body substances (intrinsic)
Aldosterone - ANSWER-Mineral corticoid horomone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates
sodium and water balance.
Aldosterone Deficiency Corrected w/ - ANSWER-Fludrocortisone
Andiodema - ANSWER-Allergic reaction that
, Understanding Pharmacology Essentials
for Medication Safety - Midterm
Antagonist - ANSWER-Extrinsic drug that blocks the receptor site of a cell, preventing the naturally
occurring body substances from binding to the receptor
Before - Loop diuretics - ANSWER-Call Doc-If 2 or more ototoxic drugs.
Carbonic Anyhydrase Inhibitors - ANSWER-Primarily used for treatment of glaucoma, sometimes used
for diuresis.
Common Adrenal Suppressing Drugs - ANSWER-Mitotane and Mifepristone
Common Loop Diuretics - ANSWER-furosemide(Lasix), bumetanide(Bumex), ethacrynic acid (Edecrin),
toremide (Demadex)
Common Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - ANSWER-Sironolactone, triamterene, amiloride
Common Thyroid-Suppressing Drugs - ANSWER-Methimazole is 10x stronger than propylthiouracil.
Common Urinary Antispasmodics - ANSWER-Oxybutynin, Oxybutyin transdermal system patch,
tolterodine, solifenacin, darifenacin, trospium chloride.
Cortex of the Adrenal Glands - ANSWER-Secrets 2 steroid horomones, 🔹Cortisol(glucocorticoid)
🔹Aldosterone
Corticosteroids - ANSWER-Drugs similar to natural cortisol.
Cortisol - ANSWER-Horomone secreted by the adrenal cortex, that is essential for life.
Cortisol helps to regulate - ANSWER-🔹Body's response to stress 🔹Carb, protein, and fat metabolism.
🔹Immune Function 🔹Emotional stability 🔹Sodium and water balance 🔹Normal excitability of heart
muscle cells.
Detrusor Muscle - ANSWER-Layer of involuntary muscle in the bladder wall; during urination it contracts
to squeeze urine out of the bladder into the urethra.
Diabetes and Thyroid Horomone Replacement - ANSWER-Increases a patient's BS level; may need higher
doses of insulin/antidiabetics.
Diuresis - ANSWER-the increased output of urine
Diuretics - ANSWER-Drugs that help rid the body of excess water and sodium.
Diuretics Prescribed For: - ANSWER-Hypertension, heart failure, Kidney disease, liver disease (cirrhosis)
Effects of Thyroid Suppressing drugs - ANSWER-Usually not seen until 3 to 4 weeks after they have been
taken daily.
Epinephrine - ANSWER-when injected, it binds to the same adrenaline receptor sites on the hear muscle
cells and causes the same effects of adrenaline
