Foundations of Reading Licensure Exam NC || A+ Verified
Solutions.
Alliteration correct answers The repetition of the initial phoneme of each word in connected text
(e.g., Harry the happy hippo hula-hoops with Henrietta).
Alphabetic Principle correct answers The concept that letters and letter combinations represent
individual phonemes in written words.
Blending correct answers The task of combining sounds rapidly, to accurately represent the
word.
Chunking correct answers A decoding strategy for breaking words into manageable parts (e.g,
yes ter day). Chunking also refers to the process of dividing a sentence into smaller phrases
where pauses might occur naturally (e.g., When the sun appeared after the storm, / the newly
fallen snow /shimmered like diamonds).
Consonant Blend correct answers Two or more consecutive consonants which retain their
individual sounds (e.g., bl in block; str in string).
Consonant Digraph correct answers Two consecutive consonants that represent one phoneme, or
sound (e.g., ch, sh).
Continuous Sounds correct answers A sound that can be held for several seconds without
distortion (e.g., /m/, /s/).
Digraphs correct answers A group of two consecutive letters whose phonetic value is a single
sound (e.g., ea in bread; ch in chat; ng in sing).
Diphthong correct answers A vowel produced by the tongue shifting position during articulation;
a vowel that feels as if it has two parts, especially the vowels spelled ou and oi.
Elkonin Boxes correct answers A framework used during phonemic awareness instruction.
Elkonin Boxes are sometimes referred to as Sound Boxes. When working with words, the
teacher can draw one box per sound for a target word. Students push a penny or a marker into
one box as they segment each sound in the word.
Emergent Literacy correct answers The skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are developmental
precursors to conventional forms of reading and writing.
Graphophonemic Knowledge correct answers Knowledge of the relationships between letters
and phonemes.
Onset and Rime correct answers Onsets and rimes are parts of spoken language that are smaller
than syllables but larger than phonemes. An onset is the initial consonant(s) sound of a syllable
, (the onset of bag is b-; of swim, sw-). A rime is the part of a syllable that contains the vowel and
all that follows it (the rime of bag is -ag; of swim, -im).
Phoneme correct answers A phoneme is the smallest part of spoken language that makes a
difference in the meaning of words. English has about 41 phonemes. A few words, such as a or
oh, have only one phoneme. Most words, however, have more than one phoneme: The word if
has two phonemes (/i/ /f/); check has three phonemes (/ch/ /e/ /k/), and stop has four phonemes
(/s/ /t/ /o/ /p/). Sometimes one phoneme is represented by more than one letter.
Phoneme Isolation correct answers Recognizing individual sounds in a word (e.g., /p/ is the first
sound in pan).
Phoneme Manipulation correct answers Adding, deleting, and substituting sounds in words (e.g.,
add /b/ to oat to make boat; delete /p/ in pat to make at; substitute /o/ for /a/ in pat to make pot).
Phonemic Awareness correct answers Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear, identify, and
manipulate the individual sounds--phonemes--in spoken words; the highest level of phonological
awareness.
Phonological Awareness correct answers Phonological awareness is a broad term that includes
phonemic awareness. In addition to phonemes, phonological awareness activities can involve
work with rhymes, words, syllables, and onsets and rimes.
Segmenting correct answers Separating the individual phonemes, or sounds, of a word into
discrete units.
Syllable correct answers A syllable is a word part that contains a vowel or, in spoken language, a
vowel sound (e-vent; news-pa-per; ver-y).
Vowel Digraph or Vowel Pair correct answers Two vowels together that represent one phoneme,
or sound (e.g., ea, ai, oa).
Alphabetic correct answers A writing system containing characters or symbols representing
sounds.
Alphabetic
Knowledge correct answers Knowing letters of the alphabetic and knowing that letters are used
for writing.
Alphabetic Layer of Instruction correct answers The first layer of word study instruction
focusing on letters and letter-sound correspondence.
Alphabetic Principle correct answers Understanding that letters represent speech sounds and that
spoken words can be written down by combining letters that code the sounds.
Solutions.
Alliteration correct answers The repetition of the initial phoneme of each word in connected text
(e.g., Harry the happy hippo hula-hoops with Henrietta).
Alphabetic Principle correct answers The concept that letters and letter combinations represent
individual phonemes in written words.
Blending correct answers The task of combining sounds rapidly, to accurately represent the
word.
Chunking correct answers A decoding strategy for breaking words into manageable parts (e.g,
yes ter day). Chunking also refers to the process of dividing a sentence into smaller phrases
where pauses might occur naturally (e.g., When the sun appeared after the storm, / the newly
fallen snow /shimmered like diamonds).
Consonant Blend correct answers Two or more consecutive consonants which retain their
individual sounds (e.g., bl in block; str in string).
Consonant Digraph correct answers Two consecutive consonants that represent one phoneme, or
sound (e.g., ch, sh).
Continuous Sounds correct answers A sound that can be held for several seconds without
distortion (e.g., /m/, /s/).
Digraphs correct answers A group of two consecutive letters whose phonetic value is a single
sound (e.g., ea in bread; ch in chat; ng in sing).
Diphthong correct answers A vowel produced by the tongue shifting position during articulation;
a vowel that feels as if it has two parts, especially the vowels spelled ou and oi.
Elkonin Boxes correct answers A framework used during phonemic awareness instruction.
Elkonin Boxes are sometimes referred to as Sound Boxes. When working with words, the
teacher can draw one box per sound for a target word. Students push a penny or a marker into
one box as they segment each sound in the word.
Emergent Literacy correct answers The skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are developmental
precursors to conventional forms of reading and writing.
Graphophonemic Knowledge correct answers Knowledge of the relationships between letters
and phonemes.
Onset and Rime correct answers Onsets and rimes are parts of spoken language that are smaller
than syllables but larger than phonemes. An onset is the initial consonant(s) sound of a syllable
, (the onset of bag is b-; of swim, sw-). A rime is the part of a syllable that contains the vowel and
all that follows it (the rime of bag is -ag; of swim, -im).
Phoneme correct answers A phoneme is the smallest part of spoken language that makes a
difference in the meaning of words. English has about 41 phonemes. A few words, such as a or
oh, have only one phoneme. Most words, however, have more than one phoneme: The word if
has two phonemes (/i/ /f/); check has three phonemes (/ch/ /e/ /k/), and stop has four phonemes
(/s/ /t/ /o/ /p/). Sometimes one phoneme is represented by more than one letter.
Phoneme Isolation correct answers Recognizing individual sounds in a word (e.g., /p/ is the first
sound in pan).
Phoneme Manipulation correct answers Adding, deleting, and substituting sounds in words (e.g.,
add /b/ to oat to make boat; delete /p/ in pat to make at; substitute /o/ for /a/ in pat to make pot).
Phonemic Awareness correct answers Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear, identify, and
manipulate the individual sounds--phonemes--in spoken words; the highest level of phonological
awareness.
Phonological Awareness correct answers Phonological awareness is a broad term that includes
phonemic awareness. In addition to phonemes, phonological awareness activities can involve
work with rhymes, words, syllables, and onsets and rimes.
Segmenting correct answers Separating the individual phonemes, or sounds, of a word into
discrete units.
Syllable correct answers A syllable is a word part that contains a vowel or, in spoken language, a
vowel sound (e-vent; news-pa-per; ver-y).
Vowel Digraph or Vowel Pair correct answers Two vowels together that represent one phoneme,
or sound (e.g., ea, ai, oa).
Alphabetic correct answers A writing system containing characters or symbols representing
sounds.
Alphabetic
Knowledge correct answers Knowing letters of the alphabetic and knowing that letters are used
for writing.
Alphabetic Layer of Instruction correct answers The first layer of word study instruction
focusing on letters and letter-sound correspondence.
Alphabetic Principle correct answers Understanding that letters represent speech sounds and that
spoken words can be written down by combining letters that code the sounds.
