Hillsborough Community College, Spring (HCC) 2024, Final Exam 100 Questions and Answers plus seven extra credit questions Fully Solved 100% Correct

Hillsborough Community College, Spring (HCC) 2024, Final Exam 100 Questions and Answers plus seven extra credit questions Fully Solved 100% Correct Hillsborough Community College, Spring (HCC) 2024, Final Exam 100 Questions and Answers plus seven extra credit questions Fully Solved 100% Correct 30 points Some Questions are multiple choice, and others require a short answer that sufficiently answers the questions. There are 100 questions. You should be able to answer most of these simply by remembering what you’ve read and studied over the course of the semester. Of course, you have the book too and six days. Make it clear what your answer is. For the short answer questions, you can put your answer after the question. For the multiple choice, you can highlight your answer, or you could place a capitalized letter after each question, indicating your answer. Each question is worth .3 points, except for the extra credit questions that are at the end. They are worth 1 point each. There are seven extra credit questions. (Ultimately, you could get a 37 on this final exam.) Introduction: 1. The area of moral philosophy known as “value theory” includes questions such as: a. Is morality objective? b. What do we owe to each other? c. What kind of life is most worth living? d. How do we know which actions are morally right? 2. The question “do the ends justify the means?” falls within the area of a. value theory. b. normative ethics. c. metaethics. d. moral psychology. 3. The claim that morality is a human invention and therefore not objective is a claim about a. applied ethics. b. value theory. c. normative ethics. d. metaethics. 4. In philosophy, an argument is a(n) a. formal debate between two parties who disagree. b. heated confrontation concerning a key philosophical issue. c. chain of reasoning consisting of a set of reasons that supports some conclusion. d. objection to a stated philosophical position. 5. It is impossible for a valid argument to have a. true premises and a false conclusion. b. true premises and a true conclusion. c. false premises and a false conclusion. d. none of the above 6. The conclusion of a sound argument a. will always be true. b. will always be false. c. might be true but also might be false. d. will always be relevant to the debate at hand. 7. A moral agent is a. someone who acts morally all the time. b. someone who acts in accordance with the ethics of his or her profession. c. anyone who is capable of controlling his or her behavior through moral reasoning. d. any individual whose interests we must consider to act morally. 8. Which of the following commonly motivates people to be skeptical about morality? a. the existence of moral disagreement b. the belief that science is the only way of discovering truth c. the view that all moral rules have exceptions d. all of the above Chapter One: 9. Explain the difference between intrinsic value and instrumental value and give examples of things you take to be valuable in each way. Intrinsic values such as knowledge are good in and of themselves while instrumental goods are good because they bring about other good like money allowing you to buy food and shelter. 10. Hedonists distinguish between two types of pleasure. Explain this distinction and give examples of each type of pleasure. Which type of pleasure do hedonists claim is more important? The two kinds of pleasre to a hedonist is physical pleasure and attitudinal pleasure. Physical pleasure is the kind of pleasure you would receive from a message, it comes with a certain feeling. Whereas attuiudinal pleasure doe not have a specific feeling attached but is perceived as happiness and this is the more important kind of pleasure (enjoyment). Chapter Two: 11) Describe the paradox of hedonism and explain why it is often taken to be a problem for the theory. The paradox of hedonism is that you cannot acquire happiness by chasing your desired alone, in fact the issue is that relentlessly pursuing happiness will likely push that very happiness away from you. Chasing happiness alone will not make us better off. 12) Autonomy is the a. ability to control others’ lives. b. power to guide our life through our own free choices. c. ability of our subconscious to affect our behavior. d. power that robots have to operate according to a set of commands. 13) The value of autonomy explains why paternalism is a. always justified. b. never justified. c. always objectionable, even when it is justified. d. always praiseworthy, even when it is not justified. Chapter Three: 14) According to the desire satisfaction theory of welfare something is intrinsically good for you a. if it satisfies your desires. b. only if it satisfies your desires. c. because it satisfies your desires. d. all of the above 15) According to the desire satisfaction theory, we are usually motivated to do what is good for us because a. we are afraid of the consequences if we fail to do so. b. desires motivate us to do things. c. our beliefs about the good motivate us to do things. d. none of the above 16) According to the desire theory, to know what’s good for us we must know a. what we desire. b. how to get what we desire. c. both a and b d. neither a nor b Chapter Four: 17) A pleasant surprise is an example of something that a. makes someone better off but does not satisfy any existing desire. b. satisfies a desire but does not make someone better off. c. satisfies a desire and makes someone better off. d. neither satisfies a desire nor makes someone better off. 18) Informed desires are those desires that a. are based on technical scientific knowledge. b. have been instilled in us by our society. c. are not based on false beliefs. d. we have been told about by someone else. 19) A desire for distant strangers to flourish is an example of a(n) desire. a. uninformed b. disinterested c. impoverished d. none of the above 20) Self-regarding desires are those desires that a. are genuinely your own. b. are not based on any false beliefs. c. concern only yourself. d. make you happy when they’re satisfied. 21) Impoverished desires pose a problem for desire theory because a. setting your sights low does not seem to make you better off. b. a satisfied slave does not seem to have a good life. c. many of our desires are shaped by the way we’ve been raised. d. all of the above Chapter Five 22) State Socrates’s question for Euthyphro and explain how the first option is a problem for the Divine Command Theory. Then, explain how the second option is a problem for the Divine Command Theory. Do the gods loves the actions because they are pious or are the actions pious because the gods love them ? The issue with the first option is that it implies the gods did not create morality, instead are able to recognize wrong and right. The problem with the second theory is that if God created morality he lacks reasoning. 23) According to the text, those who act morally out of fear of God are a. doing the right thing for the right reasons. b. doing the right thing for the wrong reasons. c. much more likely to do the right thing than atheists. d. much less likely to do the right thing than atheists. 24) If one has selected a religious text to rely on, then a. one must read the text literally to determine what is right or wrong. b. it is easy to determine what is right or wrong. c. one must interpret the text in order to determine what it implies about morality. d. it is impossible to determine what the text says about morality. Chapter Six: 25) Define natural law theory. Define ambiguity and explain how it can undermine moral arguments. What key term or terms are ambiguous in natural law theory? Natural law theory states the human nature can serve as the objective standard of morality. Ambiguity is the quality of having two meanings, in this case the key terms Humanity and Natural have more than one meaning. 26) According to natural law theory, an action is right if and only if it a. is permitted by the laws of the government. b. is in accordance with human nature. c. maximizes happiness. d. is in accordance with God’s commands. 27) Hume thought that moral knowledge couldn’t be empirical because a. there is so much disagreement about what the right thing to do is. b. there is no way to get from descriptions to prescriptions. c. empirical knowledge is impossible. d. moral knowledge is impossible. 28) According to the text, to say a premise begs the question means that it a. implicitly asks a question. b. pleads for a question to be asked. c. assumes the truth of the conclusion it’s meant to support. d. raises an objection to the conclusion it’s mean to support. 29) Moral laws clearly differ from laws of nature in that they a. are imaginary, whereas laws of nature are real. b. are real, whereas laws of nature are imaginary. c. tell us what we will do as opposed to what we ought to do. d. tell us what we ought to do as opposed to what we will do. 30) What makes someone a good person, according to the natural law theory? a. obeying the laws of the land b. obeying God’s commands c. fulfilling his or her true nature d. doing whatever maximizes happiness Chapter Seven: 31) Describe the theory of psychological egoism and explain why it is not considered a theory about ethics. If psychological egoism is true, why would it have serious implications for ethics? 32) Define altruism and describe a case in which a person appears to behave altruistically. How would the psychological egoist explain the person’s behavior in the case you describe? 33) The story of the Ring of Gyges suggests that when people are free to do whatever they want without consequences, they tend to behave a. in ways that are spontaneous and creative. b. more kindly and less competitively. c. selfishly. d. both a and b Chapter Eight: 34) What is ethical egoism? In what ways does ethical egoism require actions that seem to be paradigmatic cases of immorality? Describe the objection that ethical egoism requires us to arbitrarily elevate the interests of some individuals (i.e., ourselves) over others. 35) If ethical egoism is true, then I should regard the interests of others as having a. just as much moral importance as my own interests. b. some moral importance but not as much as my own interests. c. no moral importance. d. more moral importance than my own interests. Chapter Nine: 36) Define utilitarianism. In what ways is utilitarianism impartial? How do utilitarians argue for the inclusion of non-human animals in the moral community? 37) According to utilitarianism, gaining moral knowledge a. requires consulting religious texts. b. requires memorizing moral rules. c. requires accurately predicting the outcomes of one’s actions. d. is impossible. 38) Most utilitarians believe that the morality of an action depends on a. its expected results. b. its actual results. c. the goodness of one’s intentions. d. all of the above 39) According to the text, a Slippery Slope Argument is an argument that a. assumes the truth of its conclusion in one of its premises. b. criticizes something on the grounds that that thing will lead to terrible results. c. demonstrates that some view is logically committed to an implausible claim. d. none of the above Chapter Ten: 40) Utilitarians claim that a. all moral action is supererogatory. b. all self-interested action is supererogatory. c. very few things are supererogatory. d. no acts are supererogatory. 41) Rule consequentialism is the view that a. an action is morally right just because it is required by an optimific social rule. b. acts are morally right if and only if they create the greatest amount of well-being. c. we ought to usually follow consequentialism but may occasionally do otherwise for the sake of self- interest. d. the best way to maximize happiness is to follow existing social rules. 42) Most consequentialists believe that rule consequentialism a. is an improvement over act consequentialism. b. is neither better nor worse than act consequentialism. c. amounts to irrational rule worship. d. none of the above Chapter Eleven: 43) What does Kant claim is the supreme principle of morality? Clearly state the principle, and explain how Kant thought we could apply it to determine the morality of actions. Give an example, applying the principle. 44) What does it mean for a moral duty to be absolute? Give an example of a moral rule (besides the principle of universalizability) that Kant believed to be absolute. 45) Kant claims that the morality of an action depends on a. one’s intentions. b. the results of one’s action. c. both a and b d. neither a nor b 46) Kant claimed that a. morality and rationality have nothing to do with each other. b. acting morally is always irrational. c. acting immorally is always irrational. d. acting rationally is usually immoral. 47) An amoralist is someone who a. does not believe in the existence of morality at all. b. believes that morality is subjective. c. believes in morality but does not care about it at all. d. tries to act immorally. 48) According to Kant, the main problem with the golden rule is that it a. makes morality depend on a person’s desires. b. makes morality depend solely on the consequences of one’s actions. c. fails to give us any guidance whatsoever. d. allows lying, which is never permissible. 49) To have integrity is to act a. in harmony with the principles you believe in. b. in a way that benefits others. c. morally. d. consistently. Chapter Twelve: 50) Define the principle of humanity, and explain what it means. Give one example to make clear how we are supposed to apply the principle. Kant claims that humans have a special kind of value not possessed by anything else on earth. How does he justify this claim? 51) According to Kant, the only thing that is valuable in all circumstances is a. happiness. b. wisdom. c. wealth. d. the good will. 52) Kant believed that it is possible to be motivated a. only if we have some desire to prompt us to action. b. only if we have some emotion to prompt us to action. c. from an understanding of our moral duty, without any desire or emotion. d. without any beliefs or desires whatsoever. 53) In Kant’s view, your action has moral worth if and only if a. you do what duty requires. b. you do it because you understand that it is the right thing to do. c. it maximizes happiness. d. it is performed out of a desire to benefit others. 54) To determine what people deserve, Kant recommended that we consult a. the principle of lex talionis. b. the principle of utility. c. the golden rule. d. the principle of mens rea. 55) The principle of an eye for an eye a. does not take intentions into account in determining punishment. b. cannot tell us how to punish crimes that have not harmed anyone. c. sometimes prescribes punishments that seem deeply immoral. d. all of the above Chapter Thirteen: 56) Describe in detail a prisoner’s dilemma situation and explain what makes the situation a prisoner’s dilemma. Does contractarianism provide a satisfying solution to prisoner’s dilemma situations? 57) Explain the veil of ignorance. What work does the veil do for contractarianism? 58) Contractarians have traditionally taken the view that people are for the most part a. vicious and mean-spirited. b. rational and self-interested. c. kind and altruistic. d. irrational and fickle. 59) According to contractarianism, we do best for ourselves by agreeing to a. pursue our own self-interest. b. limit the direct pursuit of self-interest. c. act only for the sake of others. d. seek to maximize well-being. 60) According to contractarianism, breaking the law is justified whenever a. it is in one’s self-interest to do so. b. a law is grossly unjust. c. the law is unpopular. d. none of the above (Breaking the law is never justified.) Chapter Fourteen: 61) Situations in which one person can benefit from a common good without contributing anything are sometimes referred to as the a. prisoner’s dilemma. b. free-rider problem. c. paradox of hedonism. d. contractarian problematic. 62) For Hobbes, a well-ordered society is one in which a. there is no government. b. no one ever breaks one’s agreements. c. all of the laws are easy to understand. d. there are reliable threats against breaking mutually beneficial rules. 63) If contractarianism is true, then the moral community includes a. ecosystems. b. non-human animals. c. both a and b d. neither a nor b Chapter Fifteen: 64) Explain the difference between monistic and pluralistic approaches to ethics. Give an example of a monistic theory, and explain why it qualifies as monistic. What are the two main types of pluralistic theories? Is ethical pluralism preferable to ethical monism? Why? 65) What is the Doctrine of Double Effect? Describe a case in which the doctrine could be used as a source of moral guidance. Do you think the Doctrine of Double Effect gives good advice in this case? What about in general? 66) A moral rule is fundamental if and only if it a. is not explained by some deeper, more basic rule. b. can never permissibly be broken. c. is the supreme principle of morality. d. all of the above 67) If every moral rule may permissibly be broken to prevent a catastrophe, then a. ethical pluralism is true. b. ethical pluralism is false. c. moral absolutism is true. d. moral absolutism is false. 68) The Doctrine of Doing and Allowing claims that a. if one is morally permitted to allow a harm, then one is permitted to cause that harm directly. b. if one is not morally permitted to do a harm, one is not permitted to allow that harm. c. it is always morally worse to allow harm than to do the same harm. d. it is always morally worse to do harm than to allow the same harm to occur. 69) One problem for the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing is that it a. sometimes seems worse to do harm than to allow harm. b. seems as though it is not always permissible to allow certain harms. c. is sometimes very difficult to determine whether something counts as doing or allowing. d. all of the above Chapter Sixteen: 70) Define the theory of ethical particularism. What is the biggest problem for ethical particularism? Ethical particularism states neither any absolute nor any prima facie moral rules exist. The issue with ethical particularism is the lack of unity. 71) If Ross’s theory is true, then a. it is never permissible to break any moral rule. b. some moral rules may never permissibly be broken, but others may be. c. any moral rule may sometimes permissibly be broken. d. there are no moral rules. 72) According to Ross’s theory, a. moral rules tell us exactly how we should behave in all situations. b. it is self-evident how we ought to behave in certain situations. c. there is no mechanical way to determine how we ought to behave. d. there is no truth about how we ought to behave. 73) If ethical particularism is true, then a. nothing possesses permanent moral importance. b. many different things possess permanent moral importance. c. there are many true moral rules, but none of them is absolute. d. there are many absolute moral rules. Chapter Seventeen: 74) According to virtue ethics, actions are right just because a. there are good reasons to perform them. b. they would be performed by a virtuous person. c. they benefit everyone and harm no one. d. all of the above 75) Virtue ethics is a form of a. consequentialism. b. ethical absolutism. c. ethical pluralism. d. none of the above 76) According to virtue ethics, moral understanding is a species of a. theoretical knowledge. b. practical wisdom. c. unreflective opinion. d. none of the above (Moral understanding is impossible.) 77) According to virtue ethics, emotions a. tend to make us violate our duties. b. are irrelevant to morality. c. would be entirely absent from a virtuous person. d. play a crucial role in moral understanding. 78) According to Aristotle, the ultimate good is a. pleasure. b. virtue. c. eudaimonia. d. continence. 79) One common objection to virtue ethics is that it a. is too demanding. b. does not give adequate guidance about what we should do. c. does not provide a way of determining who our role models should be. d. all of the above 80) A moral exemplar is a a. non-absolute moral rule. b. person who serves as a role model. c. situation that illustrates the consequences of a moral principle. d. person to whom the moral rules do not apply. 81) What does moral understanding require, according to virtue ethics? a. the application of absolute rules to particular cases b. calculation about the effects of one’s actions c. an exceptional amount of intelligence d. emotional maturity 82) A tragic dilemma is a situation in which a. one has two options, only one of which will have a good outcome. b. a good person’s life will be ruined, no matter what she does. c. one must choose between self-interest and morality. d. it is impossible to behave morally. Chapter Eighteen: 83) In what ways have Western philosophers traditionally marginalized and shown disrespect for women? What are some of the distinctive experiences of women, and how have feminist ethicists suggested that these should inform our moral theorizing? Women in the past have been excluded entirely from th possibility of being in a powerful position such as being President. 84) Which feature of the moral life is highlighted by feminist ethics? a. the importance of vulnerability b. the importance of not having control over important aspects of one’s life c. the importance of dependence and connectedness to others d. all of the above 85) The moral theory that takes the mother/child relationship as a basis for ethics is known as a. the ethic of care. b. ethical pluralism. c. the ethic of procreation. d. maternalism. 86) Feminist ethicists tend to think that our behavior should be based on a. an impartial consideration of the interests of all those who are affected. b. the application of absolute ethical rules. c. a sensitive appreciation of the complexities of a situation. d. all of the above 87) Feminist ethicists argue that traditional moral theories have overemphasized at the expense of . a. competition; cooperation b. calculation; emotion c. impartiality; special relationships d. all of the above 88) Which of the following is a potential problem for the ethics of care? a. It is too demanding. b. It cannot account for the special obligations we have to our family and friends. c. It makes acting morally too easy. d. It threatens to restrict the scope of the moral community too greatly. Chapter Nineteen 89) How are cultural relativism and individual subjectivism similar and how do they differ? 90) What is moral progress? Why is moral progress impossible if ethical relativism is true? 91) Moral skepticism is the a. view that there are no objective moral standards. b. denial that our culture’s moral code is correct. c. denial that our individual moral beliefs are always correct. d. the view that the same moral standards apply to everyone. 92) Moral nihilists believe that a. all moral truths are relative to a culture. b. all moral truths are relative to an individual. c. there are moral truths, but we cannot know them. d. there are no moral truths. 93) If cultural relativism is true, then the moral values of our culture are a. superior to the values of other cultures. b. inferior to the values of other cultures. c. the exact same values that all other cultures have. d. no better or worse than the moral values of other cultures. 94) According to ethical subjectivism, a. things are good simply because we like them. b. we often like things because they are good. c. whether something is good is independent of whether we like it. d. there are no truths about what is good. 95) According to ideal observer subjectivism, an action is morally right if a. I approve of it. b. a third party would approve of it. c. everyone approves of it. d. I would approve of it if I were fully informed and perfectly rational. Chapter Twenty 96) Moral nihilists believe that a. facts exist but values do not. b. values exist but facts do not. c. both facts and values exist. d. neither facts nor values exist. 97) Both error theorists and expressivists believe that a. moral judgments are attempts to describe the moral features of things. b. no moral claims are true. c. the point of moral judgments is to vent our emotions. d. some moral claims are true. 98) Error theorists deny the existence of a. objective values. b. categorical reasons. c. moral requirements. d. all of the above. 99) A metaphysical theory is a theory a. about what the world is truly like and what really exists. b. that claims that everything in the universe is physical matter. c. about the human body. d. about what we know and how we know it. 100) According to expressivism, sincere moral judgments are a. always true. b. always false. c. sometimes true and sometimes false. d. a kind of emotional venting. Extra Credit (Each is worth 1 point): Friedrich Nietzsche 1) Describe Nietzsche's genealogy of morality. In other words, explain who is first the “good?” Why are they the good? Who is “bad,” and why? What is ressentiment and what part does it play? Explain the revaluation of values that occurs due to ressentiment. 2) How does the creditor-debtor relationship lead to the production of memory and promise-keeping? How does a creditor ensure that a debtor remembers the promise to pay a debt? (What sort of payment does the creditor get, if the debtor does not pay what is owed?) What is wrong with promise-making in rela- tion to the future? 3) According to Nietzsche, does punishment produce deterrence or something else? (If it is something else, then what is this something else?) What does revenge gain from punishing people? Why isn't the law re- venge? What does law gain from punishing people? 4) According to Nietzsche, what is bad conscience? What is the origin of bad conscience? What is perspec- tivism? Jean-Paul Sartre 5) What is Sartre's definition of existentialism? What is the conflict for one of the characters in No Exit? What is the significance there being lack in the room? Why is hell other people? Judith Butler 6) What is the relational self? In what way is everyone vulnerable, and how does vulnerability serve as a basis for community? What does loss reveal? How are obituaries dehumanizing? Michel Foucault 7) Distinguish/define sovereign power, biopower, disciplinary techniques of power over bodies, and regulatory techniques of power over populations. In what sense is every state racist? .............