NUR 211 TBI, SCI, and Chronic Problems Exam | Questions And Answers
With Expert Verified Solutions | Latest 2024/2025
acceleration
deceleration
rotational forces - ✔✔What are the 3 types of blunt trauma associated with TBIs?
penetrating and blunt traumas - ✔✔What are the mechanisms of brain injuries?
primary injury (TBI) - ✔✔- initial injury to the brain sustained by impact
- may be mild or severe
EX: contusion, laceration, shearing injuries, and hemorrhage
secondary injury (TBI) - ✔✔- The biochemical and cellular response to the initial trauma
- Can exacerbate the primary injury and cause loss of brain tissue not originally damaged
ischemia - ✔✔What is the primary culprit in secondary brain injuries?
- hypercapnia which results in cerebral vasodilation and increased cerebral blood volume and ICP
- significant hypotension which causes inadequate perfusion to neural tissue (NOT typical with TBI)
- cerebral edema
- increased ICP with HTN - ✔✔What can occur with a secondary brain injury?
- Corticosteroids to reduce swelling
- Osmotic diuretics to reduce swelling (Mannitol)
- Agents to reduce seizures (phenytoin)
- Prophylactic antibiotics - ✔✔What are the different craniotomy preoperative medications?
, change in LOC - ✔✔What is the first sign of increased ICP?
cerebral hematoma - ✔✔Extravasation of blood produces a space-occupying lesion on the brain and
leads to increased ICP
- restlessness
- irritability
- confusion - ✔✔What subtle behavior changes may also indicate an increase in ICP?
epidural and subdural - ✔✔What are the 2 types of cerebral hematomas?
epidural hematoma - ✔✔- A collection of blood between the inner table of the skull and the outermost
layer of the dura
- Can occur as a result of low-impact injuries (falls) or high-impact injuries (MVAs)
trauma to the skull and meninges
- skull fractures
- middle meningeal artery lacerations - ✔✔Epidural hematomas are most often associated with and
caused by what?
S&S of epidural hematoma - ✔✔- Brief loss of consciousness followed by period of lucidity
- This lucid period is followed by a rapid deterioration in LOC
- May complain of severe, localized headaches and may be sleepy
"cycles between consciousness and unconsciousness"
Dilated, fixed pupil on the same side as the impact area - ✔✔What is the hallmark sign of epidural
hematoma?
With Expert Verified Solutions | Latest 2024/2025
acceleration
deceleration
rotational forces - ✔✔What are the 3 types of blunt trauma associated with TBIs?
penetrating and blunt traumas - ✔✔What are the mechanisms of brain injuries?
primary injury (TBI) - ✔✔- initial injury to the brain sustained by impact
- may be mild or severe
EX: contusion, laceration, shearing injuries, and hemorrhage
secondary injury (TBI) - ✔✔- The biochemical and cellular response to the initial trauma
- Can exacerbate the primary injury and cause loss of brain tissue not originally damaged
ischemia - ✔✔What is the primary culprit in secondary brain injuries?
- hypercapnia which results in cerebral vasodilation and increased cerebral blood volume and ICP
- significant hypotension which causes inadequate perfusion to neural tissue (NOT typical with TBI)
- cerebral edema
- increased ICP with HTN - ✔✔What can occur with a secondary brain injury?
- Corticosteroids to reduce swelling
- Osmotic diuretics to reduce swelling (Mannitol)
- Agents to reduce seizures (phenytoin)
- Prophylactic antibiotics - ✔✔What are the different craniotomy preoperative medications?
, change in LOC - ✔✔What is the first sign of increased ICP?
cerebral hematoma - ✔✔Extravasation of blood produces a space-occupying lesion on the brain and
leads to increased ICP
- restlessness
- irritability
- confusion - ✔✔What subtle behavior changes may also indicate an increase in ICP?
epidural and subdural - ✔✔What are the 2 types of cerebral hematomas?
epidural hematoma - ✔✔- A collection of blood between the inner table of the skull and the outermost
layer of the dura
- Can occur as a result of low-impact injuries (falls) or high-impact injuries (MVAs)
trauma to the skull and meninges
- skull fractures
- middle meningeal artery lacerations - ✔✔Epidural hematomas are most often associated with and
caused by what?
S&S of epidural hematoma - ✔✔- Brief loss of consciousness followed by period of lucidity
- This lucid period is followed by a rapid deterioration in LOC
- May complain of severe, localized headaches and may be sleepy
"cycles between consciousness and unconsciousness"
Dilated, fixed pupil on the same side as the impact area - ✔✔What is the hallmark sign of epidural
hematoma?
