FROM MOLECULES TO CELLS TRANSLATIONAL PATH VS NOVEL (
FINAL ASSESSMENT WOOHOOO) WITH QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
2 Types of Metabolic Pathways (Often interconnected) Anabolic and Catabolic
Anabolic Reactions -Synthesizing complex compounds from starting materials using chemical
energy released from catabolic pathways
-Endergonic (require energy source)
ATP -Phosphorylates molecules
-Provides energy
-In coupled reactions, it harnesses energy from exergonic reactions powering endergonic reactions
Carbohydrates -Plants, starches, sugars (energy source)
-Soluble in water
-Each molecule contains a carbon atom skeleton (CH2O)
-Linear Structure forms a ring structure or branched
-Long Chains (>20 units)
Catabolic Reactions -Degradation of complex molecules to form elemental constituents releasing
energy
-Exergonic (releasing free energy)
Cell signaling allows cells to do what? -Cells in a complex multicellular system need to communicate
with one another through chemical, electrical, and mechanical signals
-Exert one or more specific functions within the tissue environment they inhabit
-Biological processes require cells to work together in order to respond to specific environmental
sitmulus
Chemical Composition of Cells -Living Tissues compose 70% of water
-All molecules are carbon base excluding water and inorganic ions
Competitive Inhibition Inhibitor mimics substrate and competes for active site
Complex carbohydrates Disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides) all joined by glycosidic
bonds
Conformational proteins Alters structure and Function
DNA - 2 Strands held together through hydrogen bond paired bases
- Strands run antiparallel
-Double Helix
Domain Structural units
Endergonic Reactions Required Energy provided by Hydrolysis of ATP
Enzymes -Chemical reactions at extremely slow rates and spontaneously
-Protein Catalysts that accelerate reactions without undergoing permanent changes
-Enzymes cannot induce reactions that are not spontaneous but only increase the reaction rate
Enzymes Catalyze Single chemical reactions that are highly specific. Molecules that differ in shape
will be unable to bind into the active site.
Exergonic Reactions Releasing energy in the form of ATP
Is Dehydration synthesis favorable? Energetically unfavorable
Is Hydrolysis favorable? Energetically Favorable
Lipids -Structural components (energy storage, structural, chemical messengers)
-Non-polar containing carbon and hydrogen atoms
-Hydrophobic
FINAL ASSESSMENT WOOHOOO) WITH QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
2 Types of Metabolic Pathways (Often interconnected) Anabolic and Catabolic
Anabolic Reactions -Synthesizing complex compounds from starting materials using chemical
energy released from catabolic pathways
-Endergonic (require energy source)
ATP -Phosphorylates molecules
-Provides energy
-In coupled reactions, it harnesses energy from exergonic reactions powering endergonic reactions
Carbohydrates -Plants, starches, sugars (energy source)
-Soluble in water
-Each molecule contains a carbon atom skeleton (CH2O)
-Linear Structure forms a ring structure or branched
-Long Chains (>20 units)
Catabolic Reactions -Degradation of complex molecules to form elemental constituents releasing
energy
-Exergonic (releasing free energy)
Cell signaling allows cells to do what? -Cells in a complex multicellular system need to communicate
with one another through chemical, electrical, and mechanical signals
-Exert one or more specific functions within the tissue environment they inhabit
-Biological processes require cells to work together in order to respond to specific environmental
sitmulus
Chemical Composition of Cells -Living Tissues compose 70% of water
-All molecules are carbon base excluding water and inorganic ions
Competitive Inhibition Inhibitor mimics substrate and competes for active site
Complex carbohydrates Disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides) all joined by glycosidic
bonds
Conformational proteins Alters structure and Function
DNA - 2 Strands held together through hydrogen bond paired bases
- Strands run antiparallel
-Double Helix
Domain Structural units
Endergonic Reactions Required Energy provided by Hydrolysis of ATP
Enzymes -Chemical reactions at extremely slow rates and spontaneously
-Protein Catalysts that accelerate reactions without undergoing permanent changes
-Enzymes cannot induce reactions that are not spontaneous but only increase the reaction rate
Enzymes Catalyze Single chemical reactions that are highly specific. Molecules that differ in shape
will be unable to bind into the active site.
Exergonic Reactions Releasing energy in the form of ATP
Is Dehydration synthesis favorable? Energetically unfavorable
Is Hydrolysis favorable? Energetically Favorable
Lipids -Structural components (energy storage, structural, chemical messengers)
-Non-polar containing carbon and hydrogen atoms
-Hydrophobic
