BU 288 Test Bank MC Exam (Ch 8-10, 12-13, 15) | Complete Solutions (Verified)

BU 288 Test Bank MC Exam (Ch 8-10, 12-13, 15) | Complete Solutions (Verified) Which motive for conformity most clearly involves effect dependence? A) Socialization B) Compliance C) Internalization D) Identification E) Dissension If I conform to my boss's wishes because of identification, I am conforming because A) I'm afraid of her. B) I might be able to get her to recommend me for promotion. C) I absolutely believe, trust, and accept her directives. D) I see myself as similar to her. E) I believe the issues at hand are difficult and ambiguous. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of compliance? A) It occurs because a member subscribes to the beliefs and values underlying the norm. B) It primarily involves effect dependence. C) It is the simplest, most direct motive for conformity to group norms. D) It occurs because a member wishes to avoid punishment. E) It occurs because a member wishes to acquire rewards. Which of the following best explains why most religious leaders conform to the norms of their religion? A) Effect dependence. B) Information dependence. C) Internalization. D) Compliance E) Identification. What is the most likely motive for mere compliance to a request? A) You identify with the person making the request. B) You like the person making the request. C) The request is easy and straightforward. D) You are afraid of the person making the request. E) You truly believe in the idea underlying the request. From first stage to last stage, which of the following sequences accurately portrays the stages of organizational socialization? A) Encounter; role management; anticipatory socialization B) Anticipatory socialization; encounter; role management C) Anticipatory socialization; role management; encounter D) Role management; anticipatory socialization; encounter E) Encounter; anticipatory socialization; role management In his last year of college, even before he took a job with a conservative bank, Randall began wearing three piece suits regularly. To which stage of socialization does this example refer? A) Encounter B) Anticipatory socialization C) Role management D) Debasement E) Identification A psychological contract is A) conformity to a social norm prompted by the desire to acquire rewards. B) the shared beliefs, values and assumptions that exist in an organization. C) the set of beliefs held by employees concerning the reciprocal obligations between them and their employer. D) an explicit agreement between a worker and their employer which states the pay and benefits offered in exchange for work. E) the process by which people learn the norms required to function in an organization. The first day on his new job, John's experienced workmates sent him to the equipment shed to ask the attendant for a ridiculously named, nonexistent tool. John came back very embarrassed, much to their amusement. This is not an example of A) a divestiture tactic. B) debasement. C) a realistic job preview. D) socialization. E) hazing. Given the research findings, an organization would most likely introduce realistic job previews to A) increase applicant expectations about the job. B) increase the rate of job offer acceptance by applicants. C) reduce absenteeism. D) reduce turnover. E) reduce the effects of socialization. What socialization tactics are also known as debasement or hazing? A) disjunctive B) investiture C) random D) divestiture E) serial At which stage of socialization is the new organizational member most likely to be information dependent and effect dependent on experienced organizational members? A) Role management B) Anticipatory socialization C) Encounter D) Internalization E) Identification Even before he graduated from business school, Stan replaced his knapsack with an expensive leather briefcase. This is an example of A) anticipatory socialization. B) a strong culture. C) debasement. D) collective socialization. E) a realistic job preview. Alan acts in accordance with group norms because he believes that the norms are truly right. He __________ the norms. A) is complying with B) is dissenting from C) is identifying with D) is imitating E) has internalized What do newcomers need to learn about during the socialization process? A) Performance expectations, psychological contract, culture, task. B) Task, performance expectations, psychological contract, organization. C) Career and psychosocial functions. D) Health and safety issues, terms and conditions of employment, psychological contract, organizational procedures. E) Task, role, group, organization. Which is the best example of collective socialization? A) Marine Corps boot camp B) An apprenticeship C) Mentoring D) On-the-job training E) Any manager-employee relationship As normally practiced, a realistic job preview A) is put in place to reduce employee absenteeism. B) permits a person to try out the job for a couple of weeks. C) increases the likelihood of job offer acceptance by applicants. D) portrays both the good and bad aspects of the job. E) concentrates on the bad aspects of the job. The patriotic soldier truly agreed with the statement, "My country, right or wrong." His agreement is indicative of A) compliance. B) dissension. C) internalization. D) identification. E) effect dependence. Person-organization fit refers to A) the match between an employee's knowledge, skills, and abilities and the requirements of a job. B) the match between an employee's expectations and the expectations of the organization. C) the match between an employee's personal values and the values of the organization. D) the match between an employee's goals and the goals of the organization. E) the match between an employee's personality and the personality of other members of the organization. Research indicates that the expectations people have about organizations before they actually join them A) are unrealistically low. B) are unrealistically high. C) are amazingly accurate. D) are unbelievably poor. E) are extremely vague. Collective socialization is not used to A) promote loyalty to the organization. B) promote uniform behaviour among organizational members. C) socialize police officer recruits in a large urban police force. D) encourage individuality in the way jobs are performed. E) train soldiers in army boot camp. Organizations that handle a substantial proportion of their own socialization rather than relying on external agents to socialize their members A) expect their recruits to enter the organization with a high degree of anticipatory socialization. B) don't socialize very extensively and pretty much accept recruits as they are. C) are less susceptible to inbreeding. D) are especially open to new ideas and procedures. E) wish to foster reliable, stable job behaviour over time. Which person least likely experienced collective socialization with regard to her work? A) A soldier B) A novelist C) A police officer D) An airline cabin attendant E) An IBM salesperson Which practice is most likely to lead to uniform conformity to a standard set of organizational norms? A) Individual socialization B) Socialization by external agents C) Socialization via debasement D) Disjunctive socialization E) Collective socialization The tailor sent the eager apprentice out to find some (nonexistent) striped thread. This is A) socialization. B) debasement. C) divestiture tactic. D) hazing. E) all of the above. Institutionalized socialization involves all of the following tactics EXCEPT: A) investiture B) collective C) serial D) fixed E) disjunctive Individualized socialization involves all of the following tactics EXCEPT: A) disjunctive B) informal C) variable D) random E) serial Mentoring provides a number of career enhancing benefits for the apprentice. These include A) special tours of company facilities and presentations by top managers. B) sponsorship, exposure and visibility, and developmental assignments. C) acceptance and confirmation, optimal levels of stress, and financial incentives. D) recognition and a "positive reinforcer" for being included in such a program. E) rigorous divestiture and debasement experiences. Research on women and mentoring suggests that A) men have far more problems establishing this relationship due to the threat they pose to their mentors. B) women who make it to executive positions invariably have had a mentor earlier in their careers. C) women tend to link up with male mentors and men tend to link up with female mentors because cross-gender dynamics help cement these relationships. D) women generally make better mentors than men. E) women, unlike men, build successful careers through peer relationships rather than linking up with a mentor. There are a number of career functions of mentoring. Which of the following is NOT a mentoring career function? A) discipline B) developmental assignments C) coaching D) visibility E) sponsorship Which mentoring relationship is most likely to experience difficulties? A) female protégé, male mentor B) visible minority protégé, visible minority mentor C) male protégé, female mentor D) female protégé, female mentor E) male protégé, male mentor Chapter 9 Which of the following is not a trait? A) Emergent leadership B) Low intelligence C) Honesty D) Tallness E) High energy Which of the following is not a trait that might be investigated in leadership studies? A) Self-confidence B) Emotional stability C) Leader reward behaviour D) Height E) Need for achievement When did serious scientific research on leadership traits begin? A) During World War II B) During the Great Depression C) During World War I D) During the Trudeau years E) During the lifetime of Charles Darwin Who is most likely to emerge as a task leader in a newly formed group? A) The most honest person B) The oldest person C) The person who is most humorous D) The shortest person E) The person who talks the most Boris is the task leader of a group. Which of the following situations is least likely? A) Boris doesn't get along well with the social-emotional leader of the group. B) Boris is very interested in accomplishing the group's assigned tasks. C) Boris is also the social-emotional leader of the group. D) Boris is the person who talks the most in the group. E) Boris is perceived as having expertise relevant to the group's task. Suppose we ask group members the following four questions. Which question will tell us who the social-emotional leader of the group is? A) Which group member do you like the most? B) Who is the most emotional and excitable group member? C) Who is the most dominant group member? D) Who is the smartest group member? E) Who has the most relevant expertise? Which statement about leadership is true? A) There is a set of leadership traits that strongly and consistently predicts leader effectiveness across a broad range of situations. B) Initiating structure is a leadership trait. C) The most effective leader will exhibit high consideration and high initiating structure in all leadership situations. D) Leadership can be exhibited by persons other than those formally designated as leaders by the organization. E) Often the quietest member of a group emerges as the leader. As discussed in the text, __________ are examples of potential leadership traits. A) directive and supportive behaviours B) task leadership and social-emotional leadership C) neutralizers and substitutes D) dominance and intelligence E) consideration and initiating structure A leader who stresses standard procedures, schedules the work to be done, and assigns subordinates to particular tasks is high on A) initiating structure. B) task structure. C) consideration. D) leader reward behaviour. E) supportive behaviour. If Mark's job is clear and certain, a leader is most likely to increase Mark's satisfaction by A) being high on initiating structure. B) being moderate on both consideration and initiating structure. C) not being considerate and being low on initiating structure. D) being considerate. E) being considerate and high on initiating structure. Research shows that consideration on the part of a leader A) is effective when employees are experiencing external threat or pressure. B) is effective when job goals and methods are very clear. C) is viewed as a weakness by employees. D) is most important when employees lack basic knowledge and skills related to the job. E) is most likely employed by a task-oriented leader. Fiedler's Contingency Theory of leadership is most clearly a A) trait theory. B) theory of leadership emergence. C) path-goal theory. D) theory of participation. E) situational theory. The task is unstructured, the group members hate the leader, and the leader has no position power. According to Fiedler, the leader will perform best if he or she A) is charismatic. B) uses participation. C) is task-oriented. D) is relationship-oriented. E) is social-emotional. Fiedler's Contingency Theory of leadership predicts that relationship-oriented leadership will be most effective in A) very unfavourable situations. B) virtually all situations. C) very favourable situations. D) very favourable and very unfavourable situations. E) situations of medium favourableness. According to Fiedler, the most favourable situation for leadership involves good leader-member relations, a(n) __________ task, and __________ position power. A) unstructured; strong B) structured; strong C) structured; weak D) challenging; informal E) unstructured; weak In Fiedler's Contingency Theory of leadership, an LPC score measures A) position power. B) Least Personal Charisma C) task structure. D) type of leadership orientation. E) leader-member relations. Nellie is a high LPC leader. According to Fiedler's Contingency Theory of leadership, she A) is more task-oriented than relationship-oriented. B) has high position power and low task structure. C) will be most effective in very unfavourable leadership situations. D) will be most effective in very favourable leadership situations. E) is more relationship-oriented than task-oriented. What is the "contingency" variable in Fiedler's Contingency Theory of leadership? A) Situational favourableness B) Task structure C) Leadership orientation D) Consideration E) Position power Imagine that a military commander who is well liked and admired by his troops is leading them on a highly structured mission. According to Fiedler's Contingency Theory A) the situation is moderately favourable for the leader. B) the troops will perform best if the commander is relationship-oriented (high LPC). C) the troops will perform best if the commander is task-oriented (low LPC). D) task and relationship orientation are irrelevant to performance in this situation. E) the situation is very unfavourable for the leader. Directive behaviour is essentially the same as A) participative behaviour. B) social-emotional leadership. C) initiating structure. D) consideration. E) achievement-oriented behaviour. Participation may increase the motivation of employees by A) allowing them to decide how work goals can be accomplished. B) enriching their jobs. C) adding some variety to the job. D) allowing them to contribute to the establishment of work goals. E) all of the above. One of the problems with participative leadership is that participation A) tends to reduce the intrinsic motivation of subordinates. B) requires a great deal of time and energy on the part of the leader. C) decreases subordinates' acceptance of decisions. D) tends to reduce the quality of decision-making. E) results in abdication of leadership, which is almost always ineffective. Path-Goal Theory differs from Fiedler's Contingency Theory in that A) Path-Goal Theory has aroused much more research controversy. B) only Path-Goal Theory takes account of the situation. C) only Path-Goal Theory considers the role of leadership orientation. D) Path-Goal Theory is an example of the trait approach to leadership. E) Path-Goal Theory is concerned with the effects of specific leader behaviour. According to Path-Goal Theory, which of the following statements is true? A) Frustrating, dissatisfying jobs increase employee appreciation of directive leadership. B) Employees who are high need achievers work best under achievement-oriented leadership. C) Employees who prefer being told what to do respond best to a supportive leadership style. D) Employees who are high need achievers work best under participative-oriented leadership. E) When tasks are clear and routine, directive leadership is preferred. According to Path-Goal Theory, employee effort can be increased by A) always using achievement-oriented leadership. B) clarifying the path to valued rewards. C) maximizing both consideration and initiating structure. D) using a leadership style that increases job satisfaction. E) strengthening leader-member relations. An extremely conscientious and experienced group of labourers is doing a hot, dirty, routine task. What leadership style does House's Path-Goal Theory suggest using here? A) Task B) Directive C) Supportive D) Achievement-oriented E) Participative What are the situational factors in House's Path-Goal Theory of leadership? A) Leader-member relations, task structure and position power B) Situational favourableness C) Employee characteristics and environmental factors D) Neutralizers and substitutes E) Individualized consideration For reasons that were too complicated to explain to his employees, Louis had to figure out how long it would take to write a new computer program. He asked each individually, averaged their responses, and put this figure in his report. What leadership style is this? A) GII B) AI C) GI D) CII E) AII Which theory or model of leadership discussed in the text explicitly involves a decision tree? A) Fiedler's Contingency Theory B) House's Path-Goal Theory C) Leader Member Exchange Theory D) Vroom and Jago's situational model of participation E) Bass' transformational leadership model Rod, a middle manager, has to make a decision. Decision quality and acceptance are an issue, and Rod is not an expert on this problem. However, Rod wishes to reserve the final decision for his own judgment. According to the Vroom and Jago model of participation, this is time for a(n) __________ decision strategy. A) A B) E C) C D) G E) L The Vroom and Jago decision tree model of leadership A) is a trait model. B) uses three situation factors to determine favourableness. C) allows for autocratic, consultative, and group decisions. D) is a model of emergent leadership. E) always specifies using the maximum degree of participation possible. Chapter 10 In order for a receiver to understand a communicated message, he or she must first __________ the message. A) filter B) decode C) transmit D) encode E) integrate Communication is defined as A) understanding between people. B) a method of persuasion. C) the exchange of information. D) the encoding of information. E) the flow of information down an organizational hierarchy. Who is encoding messages? A) Alexis, who is trying to figure out what her boss's memo means B) Bob, who is writing a technical report C) Aaron, who is hearing a rumour on the grapevine D) Victor, who is trying to decipher some legal jargon in a contract E) Sharon, who is the target of upward communication Who is decoding a message? A) Sal, who is preparing a financial statement B) Olive, who is making a speech C) William, who is studying blueprints D) Robin, who is initiating downward communication E) Sylvia, who is passing along a bit of gossip about a coworker Effective communication occurs when the right people receive the right information in a __________ manner. A) filtered B) timely C) friendly D) formal E) proper Which of the following is an example of encoding? A) Writing a letter B) Reading a novel C) Thinking D) Watching television E) Reading a memo Which of the following is an example of horizontal communication? A) The vice-president of marketing sends a memo to the vice-president of manufacturing. B) An employee explains to her boss why her performance has not been up to par recently. C) The president of a college calls a meeting to explain the college's financial situation to the faculty. D) A purchasing agent leaves a voicemail message for a new supplier. E) A supervisor tells an employee that he has been performing poorly. Research suggests that A) employees with good performance ratings are more likely to be informed of those ratings than employees with bad ratings. B) employees are seldom informed about their performance regardless of how they have performed. C) employees with good and bad performance ratings are just as likely to be informed of these ratings. D) employees with good and bad performance ratings are just as unlikely to be informed of these ratings. E) employees with good performance ratings are less likely to be informed of those ratings than employees with bad ratings. The chain of command does not reflect the number of communication channels that exist in organizations because A) it ignores downward communication. B) managers may not encode communication.