GEOG 1010 EXAM NOTES CARLETON
UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS VERIFIED LATEST
2023-2024 GRADE A +
Glacier - CORRECT ANSWER >>The mass of ice that flows
under its own weight and forms when snowfall exceeds snow melt
over long periods of time. Occupies ~11% of Earth's land area
today.
Environmental significance of glaciers - CORRECT ANSWER
>>1. Powerful agent of geomorphic change.
2. Source of freshwater - ~77% of all freshwater are locked in
glaciers.
3. Release nutrients locked up in rocks.
4. Contributes to change in sea level.
Eustatic sea-level - CORRECT ANSWER >>Related to water
volume and ice volume.
Isostatic sea-level - CORRECT ANSWER >>Related to land
'position.'
Formation of Glacial ice - CORRECT ANSWER >>Snow/ice
transformed under pressure, first-year snow lots of air snow is
compacted freeze/thaw makes it denser firn , recrystallization
eventually forms dense glacial ice .
,Mass balance - CORRECT ANSWER >>Balance of input (snow,
rime) to output (ice, meltwater, water vapour.
Equilibrium line or "firn line" - CORRECT ANSWER >>Where
winter snow survived the summer melt.
When accumulation > ablation, glacier advances.
When ablation> accumulation, glacier retreats.
Continental Glacier - CORRECT ANSWER >>Not confined by
topography, generally low slope and usually big, flow is not
governed by topography.
Ice sheet - CORRECT ANSWER >>Large continuous ice masses
covering a larger part of a continent and ice KM thick (Antarctica
~4000m: Greenland ~3200m).
Movement is limited, occurring mainly in local areas or very slowly
over time.
Pleistocene continental ice sheets shaped the physical landscape
of Canada, Created landforms from erosion and deposition,
Laurentide Ice sheet and Fennoscandian
Ice sheet. Is a dome-shaped.
Ice shelf - CORRECT ANSWER >>Floats on water, attached to
land-based ice.
E.g. ross ice shelf, Antarctic.
Ice cap - CORRECT ANSWER >>< 50,000 km
e.g. barnes ice cap on Baffin island.
Same as ice sheet but smaller, Is a dome-shaped.
, Mountain/alpine glaciers - CORRECT ANSWER >>Confined by
topography, generally steep slope, usually small, slow is
governed by topography.
Types of mountain/alpine glaciers - CORRECT ANSWER >>1.
Cirque glacier: circle shape.
2. Valley glacier: elongated.
3. Piedmont glacier: spreads out into a fan.
4. Ice-field: occupies topography basins, constrained by
topography, feed interconnect valley glaciers.
Nunatak - CORRECT ANSWER >>A rocky peak, protruding
above ice field. Important refuge for plants and animals during
glacial times.
Internal deformation - CORRECT ANSWER >>Each layer slides
on internal planes, laminar flow.
Basal slipping - CORRECT ANSWER >>Slipping shifts the whole
mass as a unit, slides en masses along bottom.
Ice regelation - CORRECT ANSWER >>Incorporated rock debris
into basal ice, melting on top of rock now: refreezing behind rock
knob.
Velocity profile of glacier with depth - CORRECT ANSWER
>>Velocity greatest at the top, lowest at the base.
UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS VERIFIED LATEST
2023-2024 GRADE A +
Glacier - CORRECT ANSWER >>The mass of ice that flows
under its own weight and forms when snowfall exceeds snow melt
over long periods of time. Occupies ~11% of Earth's land area
today.
Environmental significance of glaciers - CORRECT ANSWER
>>1. Powerful agent of geomorphic change.
2. Source of freshwater - ~77% of all freshwater are locked in
glaciers.
3. Release nutrients locked up in rocks.
4. Contributes to change in sea level.
Eustatic sea-level - CORRECT ANSWER >>Related to water
volume and ice volume.
Isostatic sea-level - CORRECT ANSWER >>Related to land
'position.'
Formation of Glacial ice - CORRECT ANSWER >>Snow/ice
transformed under pressure, first-year snow lots of air snow is
compacted freeze/thaw makes it denser firn , recrystallization
eventually forms dense glacial ice .
,Mass balance - CORRECT ANSWER >>Balance of input (snow,
rime) to output (ice, meltwater, water vapour.
Equilibrium line or "firn line" - CORRECT ANSWER >>Where
winter snow survived the summer melt.
When accumulation > ablation, glacier advances.
When ablation> accumulation, glacier retreats.
Continental Glacier - CORRECT ANSWER >>Not confined by
topography, generally low slope and usually big, flow is not
governed by topography.
Ice sheet - CORRECT ANSWER >>Large continuous ice masses
covering a larger part of a continent and ice KM thick (Antarctica
~4000m: Greenland ~3200m).
Movement is limited, occurring mainly in local areas or very slowly
over time.
Pleistocene continental ice sheets shaped the physical landscape
of Canada, Created landforms from erosion and deposition,
Laurentide Ice sheet and Fennoscandian
Ice sheet. Is a dome-shaped.
Ice shelf - CORRECT ANSWER >>Floats on water, attached to
land-based ice.
E.g. ross ice shelf, Antarctic.
Ice cap - CORRECT ANSWER >>< 50,000 km
e.g. barnes ice cap on Baffin island.
Same as ice sheet but smaller, Is a dome-shaped.
, Mountain/alpine glaciers - CORRECT ANSWER >>Confined by
topography, generally steep slope, usually small, slow is
governed by topography.
Types of mountain/alpine glaciers - CORRECT ANSWER >>1.
Cirque glacier: circle shape.
2. Valley glacier: elongated.
3. Piedmont glacier: spreads out into a fan.
4. Ice-field: occupies topography basins, constrained by
topography, feed interconnect valley glaciers.
Nunatak - CORRECT ANSWER >>A rocky peak, protruding
above ice field. Important refuge for plants and animals during
glacial times.
Internal deformation - CORRECT ANSWER >>Each layer slides
on internal planes, laminar flow.
Basal slipping - CORRECT ANSWER >>Slipping shifts the whole
mass as a unit, slides en masses along bottom.
Ice regelation - CORRECT ANSWER >>Incorporated rock debris
into basal ice, melting on top of rock now: refreezing behind rock
knob.
Velocity profile of glacier with depth - CORRECT ANSWER
>>Velocity greatest at the top, lowest at the base.
