BIOD 151 Module 1 Exam
Study Questions and Answers.
1. Define the following;
- Diffusion Diffusion is when molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration to achieve equilibrium with the two sides of a membrane.
(small molecules such as gases, water, and glycerol as well as lipid-soluble molecules
such as hydrocarbons)
Facilitated diffusion is used for a lipid-insoluble molecule and happens by carrier proteins
binding temporarily to the molecule and releasing it to the other side. (lipid-insoluble
(polar) molecules such as sugars and amino acids)
- Active transport When molecules or ions are pumped from an area of lower
concentration to an area of higher concentration. This requires extra energy and carrier
proteins because the molecules are going against the concentration gradient.
- Endocytosis when a biomacromolecule outside the cell gets enclosed in the cell
membrane and forms a vesicle inside the cell.
- Phagocytosis endocytosis of extremely large things like other cells. Once enclosed,
lysosomes fuse with and digest it.
- Pinocytosis endocytosis of tiny droplets of fluids. The cell membrane pinches inward.
- receptor-mediated endocytosis information transfer from one cell to another by use of
ligands (signaling molecules) that bind to receptor proteins.
- Proteins In facilitated diffusion and active transport, carrier proteins are used to move
lipid-insoluble molecules to the other side of the membrane.
- Isotonic same concentration of solutes inside as outside the cell
- Hypertonic higher concentration of solutes inside the cell than outside the cell
blood cells will shrivel in the process of equalizing
- Hypotonic lower concentration of solutes inside the cell that outside the cell
blood cells will swell in the process of equalizing
- Cholesterol Cholesterol is a lipid that is very hydrophobic and has one polar hydroxyl
group. It joins with phospholipids and mixes in with the tails to prevent solidification
during low temperatures. It also stabilizes the phospholipid head with the hydroxyl group
by restricting movement in higher temperatures.
2. What are the six levels of organization in the body?
1) chemical
2) cellular
3) tissue
4) organ structure
5) organ system
6) organism
3. The necessary life function that protects our internal environment from our external
environment is provided by what system?
The integumentary system
, 4. The function of movement is provided by what system?
The muscular system
5. The function of responsiveness is provided by what system?
The nervous system
6. The function of digestion is provided by what system?
The digestive system
7. What is anabolism?
When more complex structures are synthesized from simpler ones.
8. What is catabolism?
When more complex structures are broken down into simpler ones.
9. Excretion involves what systems?
The respiratory system, the digestive system, and the urinary system.
10. The reproductive system is controlled by what other system?
The endocrine system.
11. Which tissue covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body? The epithelial
tissue.
12. Name the three steps in cellular respiration.
1) glycolysis
2) citric acid cycle
3) electron transport chain
13. What is the purpose of ATP?
ATP provides cells with the energy necessary to carry out cellular activities and
functions.
14. Epithelial cells perform what types of functions?
Secretion and absorption
15. What are the four basic tissue types?
1) epithelial
2) muscle
3) connective
4) nervous
16. Toward or at the body surface is known as what direction?
Superficial
17. Away from the body surface is what direction?
Deep
18. Between a more medial and a more lateral structure is what direction?
Intermediate
19. Toward or at the midline of the body or on the inner side of is what direction?
Medial
20. Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body is what
direction?
Inferior
21. Toward the head end or upper part of a structure (above) is what direction?
Superior
22. Toward or at the front of the body is what direction?
Anterior/Ventral
23. Is the knee proximal or distal to the pelvis?
Study Questions and Answers.
1. Define the following;
- Diffusion Diffusion is when molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration to achieve equilibrium with the two sides of a membrane.
(small molecules such as gases, water, and glycerol as well as lipid-soluble molecules
such as hydrocarbons)
Facilitated diffusion is used for a lipid-insoluble molecule and happens by carrier proteins
binding temporarily to the molecule and releasing it to the other side. (lipid-insoluble
(polar) molecules such as sugars and amino acids)
- Active transport When molecules or ions are pumped from an area of lower
concentration to an area of higher concentration. This requires extra energy and carrier
proteins because the molecules are going against the concentration gradient.
- Endocytosis when a biomacromolecule outside the cell gets enclosed in the cell
membrane and forms a vesicle inside the cell.
- Phagocytosis endocytosis of extremely large things like other cells. Once enclosed,
lysosomes fuse with and digest it.
- Pinocytosis endocytosis of tiny droplets of fluids. The cell membrane pinches inward.
- receptor-mediated endocytosis information transfer from one cell to another by use of
ligands (signaling molecules) that bind to receptor proteins.
- Proteins In facilitated diffusion and active transport, carrier proteins are used to move
lipid-insoluble molecules to the other side of the membrane.
- Isotonic same concentration of solutes inside as outside the cell
- Hypertonic higher concentration of solutes inside the cell than outside the cell
blood cells will shrivel in the process of equalizing
- Hypotonic lower concentration of solutes inside the cell that outside the cell
blood cells will swell in the process of equalizing
- Cholesterol Cholesterol is a lipid that is very hydrophobic and has one polar hydroxyl
group. It joins with phospholipids and mixes in with the tails to prevent solidification
during low temperatures. It also stabilizes the phospholipid head with the hydroxyl group
by restricting movement in higher temperatures.
2. What are the six levels of organization in the body?
1) chemical
2) cellular
3) tissue
4) organ structure
5) organ system
6) organism
3. The necessary life function that protects our internal environment from our external
environment is provided by what system?
The integumentary system
, 4. The function of movement is provided by what system?
The muscular system
5. The function of responsiveness is provided by what system?
The nervous system
6. The function of digestion is provided by what system?
The digestive system
7. What is anabolism?
When more complex structures are synthesized from simpler ones.
8. What is catabolism?
When more complex structures are broken down into simpler ones.
9. Excretion involves what systems?
The respiratory system, the digestive system, and the urinary system.
10. The reproductive system is controlled by what other system?
The endocrine system.
11. Which tissue covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body? The epithelial
tissue.
12. Name the three steps in cellular respiration.
1) glycolysis
2) citric acid cycle
3) electron transport chain
13. What is the purpose of ATP?
ATP provides cells with the energy necessary to carry out cellular activities and
functions.
14. Epithelial cells perform what types of functions?
Secretion and absorption
15. What are the four basic tissue types?
1) epithelial
2) muscle
3) connective
4) nervous
16. Toward or at the body surface is known as what direction?
Superficial
17. Away from the body surface is what direction?
Deep
18. Between a more medial and a more lateral structure is what direction?
Intermediate
19. Toward or at the midline of the body or on the inner side of is what direction?
Medial
20. Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body is what
direction?
Inferior
21. Toward the head end or upper part of a structure (above) is what direction?
Superior
22. Toward or at the front of the body is what direction?
Anterior/Ventral
23. Is the knee proximal or distal to the pelvis?
