TESU BIO-208 The Science of Nutrition Latest Updated 2024/2025 Actual Questions and Answers Fully Solved 100% Guaranteed Success.(Graded A+)

defining problem; formulating question; setting criteria for evidence; evaluating evidence; summarizing evidence and making decisions; specifying strength of evidence required for decision; disseminating findings - evidence-based approach to nutrition backbone of life because it can bond with four other elements to form long chains and make more complex macromolecules - carbon obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, some cancers, osteoporosis - diet-related conditions and diseases physical, mental, and social aspects of health - health triangle an abnormal condition that affects the health of an organism, and is characterized by specific signs and symptoms - disease energy and fiber source - carbohydrates structural building blocks - protein energy storage, cell repair - fat solvent and lubricant, transport of nutrients, temperature regulation - water involved in chemical reactions - vitamins involved in enzyme functions, nerve impulses, bone structure - mineralscarbohydrates, protein, fat, water, vitamins, minerals - nutrients carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; can be metabolically processed into cellular energy; energy comes from their chemical bonds - macronutrients unit of measurement of food energy - calorie one thousand calories, denoted with a C - kilocalorie a macronutrient that does not yield calories; body is 60% - water made of C, H, and O; 4 C/g - carbohydrates simple sugars - sucrose and glucose - fast-releasing carbs branched or unbranched chains of simple sugars - slow-releasing carbs can be stored in the body for future use; in humans: glycogen; in plants: starch - glucose cannot be digested by human body; may be broken down by gut bacteria - fiber also composed of C, H, and O but insoluble in water; store energy, serve as cell membrane, surround and protect organs, aid temperature regulation; 9 C/g - lipids consist of chains of amino acids, composed of C, H, O, and N; "workhorses of life"; provide structure and contribute to chemical reactions; over 100,000 types exist in body; 4 C/g - proteins include vitamins and minerals; don't make energy but assist in the process as being part of enzymes (coenzymes) to catalyze chemical reactions in the body - micronutrientssolid inorganic substances; some trace, some macrominerals - minerals some water-soluble, some fat-soluble; deficiency causes disease - vitamins amount of nutrients a food contains in relation to amount of energy (C) it provides - nutrient quality of food according to the World Health Organization, a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity - health observational studies that describe the occurrence and patterns of health events in a population - epidemiological studies scientific investigations where a variable is changed between groups to determine causal relationships - interventional clinical trial studies factors that could influence the results of the study - confounding variables where participants are randomly assigned to separate groups that compare different treatments - randomized clinical interventional trial study scientific study of the interaction of nutrition and genes - nutrigenomics genetics, environment, life cycle, and lifestyle, which all interact with each other - determinants of health science of how chemical reactions in the body can turn genes on and off and the factors that influence those reactions - epigeneticssymptoms: mental retardation, brain damage, seizures; can be managed with diet low in phenylalanine (mostly fruits, vegetables, grains) - phynylketonuria (PKU) a measurement made up of three variables: income, occupation, and education - socioeconomic status body weight in kg divided by square of height in m - BMI biological and physical environments and their interactions wit the community of organisms that inhabit them as well as interactions among the organisms - ecosystem according to the American Public Health Association, a system that provides healthy food for current food needs while maintaining healthy ecosystems that can also provide food for generations to come with minimal negative impact to the environment - sustainable food system availability, accessibility, affordability to all, humane, just - attributes of a sustainable food system location that does not provide access to affordable nutritious food - food desert changing diet, changing how we produce, process, and distribute food - challenges to sustainability having not enough nutrients - undernourished having too many nutrients - overnourished adequate, balanced, calorie controlled, moderated, and varied - healthy diet umbrella term for EAR (estimated average requirements), RDA (recommended dietary allowances), AI (adequate intakes), UL (tolerable upper intake levels) - dietary reference intakes (DRI)