NURS 8022 Final Exam - M /S fully solved & updated 2024.

axial skeleton Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column; 80 bones Appendicular skeleton bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities; 126 bones osteoblasts bone forming cells; bone is shaped according to function; derived from mesenchymal cells; produce osteocalcin when stimulated by vitamin D osteoclasts Bone-destroying cells, break down bone matrix for remodeling and the release of calcium; large and multinucleated osteocytes a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted; maintain bone by signaling osteoblasts and osteoclasts to form and resorb bone Compact bone Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone; cortical bone; 85% of the skeleton; solid and strong; haversian system is basic structural unit in compact bone Spongy bone Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone; cancellous bone; 15% of the skeleton; filled with red bone marrow; lack haversian system; trabeculae: plates or bars instead bone remodeling ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue bone repair 1. hematoma formation 2. callus formation 3. callus ossification 4. bone remodeling Fibrous joints consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together; sutures cartilaginous joints allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage symphysis joint two bones joined by fibrocartilage; symphysis pubis and intervertebral disks synchondrosis joint Bones are joined by Hyaline cartilage only; joints between ribs and sternum synovial joints most movable and the most complex joints fusiform muscles thick in middle and tapered at ends biceps brachii , gastrocnemius pennate muscles Broad, flat, and slightly fan shaped skeletal muscle a muscle that is connected to the skeleton to form part of the mechanical system that moves the limbs and other parts of the body. Muscle contraction Interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for Muscle contraction steps excitation, excitation-contraction coupling, contraction, relaxation isometric muscle contraction a static contraction that generates muscle tension but does not result in body movement isotonic muscle contraction muscle changes in length with no change in tension Aging and the Musculoskeletal System bone remodeling, osteoporosis; postural changes and decreased height because of shortening of the vertebral column due to loss of water content and thinning of the vertebral discs; contour changes due to loss of fat in the body periphery; bony prominences become more marked