Adv. Pharm NURS 8024 Week 1(questions and answers).

Pharmacokinetics what the body does to the drug Pharmacodynamics what the drug does to the body Toxicology The undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems Pharmacotherapeutics dynamic that achieves the desired therapeutic effect of the drug without causing other undesirable effects Legend drugs another name for prescription drugs Pharmacogenomics the study of genetically determined variations in the response to drugs Pharmacologic Agonist agent binds to and activates the receptor - directly or indirectly causing an effect, full or partial agonists Pharmacological Antagonist Agent binds to receptor-completes with other molecules and prevents binding by other molecules-it inhibits other molecules from binding Pro-drug An inactive percursor chemical-must be abosorbed and distributed and converted to the active form of the drug by biologic processes. What is ADME? Absorption Distribution Metabolism Elimination Absorption entry of pharmacologic agent into plasma Distribution agent leaves the bloodstream and distributes to interstitial and intracellular fluids Metablosim chemical processes that occur to make the drug useful in the bloodstream--done by the liver, kidney, or other tissue Ellimination Leaving the body-via urine, bile, feces, lungs, sweat, breast milk 2 Major Administration Routes 1. Enteral -most common, easy, cheap-BUT drug absorption pathways can be complicated 2. Parenteral-IV, fast, more expensive, once in-cannot get back Enteral drug administration oral, sublingual, rectal drug absorption pathways complicated **First-pass metabolism can limit the amount of drug that enters systemic circulation influenced by food and other drugs What is first pass metabolism? The concentration of drug is greatly reduced BEFORE reaching systemic circulation. This mainly involves liver enzymes, but also includes gastric enzymes, gut wall enzymes, and bacterial enzymes. Bioavaliability is reduced. Parenteral drug administration -IV, IM, SubQ - More control over actual dose of drug - Directly into systemic circulation-bypass first pass metabolism - used for drugs poorly absorbed by GI -Rapid onset of action -Disadvantage: cannot take the drug back, infection risk Inhalation route of administration Rapid delivery, large surface area, good for gases, aerolsols, respiratory drugs Rectal Route of administration 50% of circulatory drainage BYPASSES portal circulation Meaning: Less first pass effect Drug Transport Methods: Passive diffusion (no E needed) Active transport (requires E) Endocytosis Passive diffusion (simple diffusion) no energy needed, related to concentration gradient across membrane, HIGHER concentration goes to LOWER concentration Active Transport requires energy (ATP), Able to move drug from LOWER to HIGHER concentration Endocytosis Transport large molecules Engulfment of drug molecule by cell membrane and transport into cell