A&P Lecture I Delgado - Test #1 Latest(2024/2025) Questions and Answers 100% Correct.

Anatomy - study of structure (size, shape, color, weight, location, composition) Physiology - study of function (the contribution to the body) Why are anatomy and physiology studied together? - The structure of a part of the body often reflects its function. Homeostasis - maintaining a stable internal environment within the body Two sub disciplines of anatomy - Cell biology and histology Two sub disciplines of physiology - exercise physiology and immunology List the six levels of structural organization - 1) Chemical Level (atoms & molecules) ex. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 2) Cellular Level ex. muscle cells 3) Tissue Level ex. connective tissue 4) Organ Level ex. heart 5) System Level ex. Digestive System 6) Organism Level ex. humanList the 11 organ systems of the body - 1. Integumentary 2. Reproductive 3. Urinary 4. Digestive 5. Endocrine 6. Lymphatic 7. Skeletal 8. Nervous 9. Muscular 10. Cardiovascular 11. Respiratory Which two organ systems serve as control centers in negative feedback loops controlling homeostasis? - Cardiovascular System and Endocrine System How is a person's homeostasis challenged throughout the day? - by either -external environment i.e. heat -internal environment i.e. skip breakfast - glucose level drops List three components of a feedback loop - 1) receptor - monitors changes 2) control center - evaluates information received & generates commands 3) effector - produces a response Negative feedback loops - reverses a change in a controlled condition or negates original stimulus ex. Rise in blood pressure, heart rate increases or room temp gets to hot, A/C kicks onPositive feedback loop - enhance a change in one of the body's controlled conditions ex. labor contractions during birth of baby or microphone detecting voice Disorder - any abnormality of structure or function Disease - illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms Symptom - subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer ex. headache, nausea, dizziness Sign - objective changes that is measurable and may not be obvious to patient but detectable by a doctor ex. fever, hypertension, elevated glucose level Why do anatomy and physiology involve such a large collection of terms? - allows us to communicate clearly and precisely Describe standard anatomical position. - -facing observer -standing upright -legs slightly apart -arms at side -palms facing forward Meaning of right and left in anatomy - when observing the body in anatomical position, the left of the body is on the observer's right & vice versatransverse plane - horizontal, separates top from bottom midsagittal plane - equal left & right sections parasagittal plane - unequal left & right sections frontal plane - separates front from back oblique plane - passes through body at an oblique angle (any angle other than 90 degrees) midline - imaginary vertical line that divides body into equal right and left sides Dorsal Cavity - composed of: Cranial Cavity (brain) Vertebral Canal (spinal cord) Ventral cavity - composed of: Thoracic Cavity (pleural cavities - lungs and mediastinum - heart, esophagus, thymus) Diaphragm Abdominopelvic Cavity (abdominal cavity - digestive system, spleen,kidneys and pelvic cavity - urinary bladder, rectum, reproductive system)Serous Membrane - Slippery, double layered membrane associated with body cavities that does NOT open directly to the outside of the body Parietal Membrane - thin epithelium that lines walls of cavities Visceral Membrane - thin epithelium that covers & adheres to viscera(organs) within the cavities Serous membrane of the lungs - pleura Serous membrane of the heart - pericardium Serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity - peritoneum tissue - a collection/aggregate of cells & noncellular material with a related function histology - the study of tissues pathology - the study of diseased tissue List general features of the 4 major tissue types - 1) Epithelial Tissue - cover structures, line spaces, form most glands, one exposed surface 2) Connective Tissue -support & protect, fight infections, transport materials 3) Muscular Tissue - generate heat, produce movement, provide rigidity, forcefully contract 4) Nervous Tissue -detect changes, allow communication w/in bodyEpithelial Tissue - mostly cells, no direct blood supply, 1 exposed surface ex. salivary glands Connective Tissue - relatively few cells, may have direct blood supply, NO exposed surface ex. bone, tendons, ligaments Muscle Tissue - generates heat ex. muscles Nervous Tissue - detect change & communicates ex. nerves 4 Major Functions of Epithelial Tissue - 1) secretion 2) absorption 3) excretion 4) protection apical surface - exposed surface of top layer, upper surface lateral surface - side surface attached to adjacent cells