Penn Foster Pharmacology Renal and Urinary Tract with 100- correct answer

Cardiac system Drug Group and Class, Used to treat/for: Amrinone -Positive Inotropic Drugs -> Bipyridine Derivatives -inhibit enzymes that lead to an increase in cellular Ca -AKA Inocor -given IV and is limited to short-term inpatient use 4 drug sources and examples 1.) Plant: Alkaloids -ine, Glycosides -in; 2.) Minerals: Electrolytes 3.) Animals: Hormones and Anticoag 4.) Lab: most important Indication vs. Contraindication reasons for giving a drug and reasons to not give a drug to a patient Another name for prescription drugs legend drugs Prescription drugs are regulated by FDA Statement or Legend on prescription drugs must say "Caution: Federal law restricts the use of this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian." In order for a prescription drug to be prescribed to a client, a __________________ must exist. valid veterinarian-client relationship Factors in a VCPR § The veterinarian has assumed responsibility for making clinical judgments about the health of the animal(s) and the need for treatment, and the client has agreed to follow the veterinarian's instructions. § The veterinarian has sufficient knowledge of the animal(s) to issue a diagnosis. § The veterinarian must be available for follow-up evaluations of the patient. What are drugs that do not require the supervision of a vet Over the counter drugs Extra-label drug use The use of an approved drug in a manner that is not in accordance with the approved label directions Ways to be classified as an extra-label drugs Different indication. different species, different dose, different frequency, different route What is included in a drug regimen Kind of drug, Route of administration, dosage, frequency, and duration How does a vet determine the kind of drug? Name the 3 types 1.) Diagnostic: assessment of patient including history, physical examination, lab tests, and other diagnostic procedures 2.) Empirical: use of practical experience and common sense 3.) Symptomatic Pharmacokinetics the complex series of events that occurs once a drug is administered to the patient. Pharmacokinetics is influenced by the manner in which the drug is given and by the properties of the drug itself Factors that influence administration route 1.) Available form 2.) Drug Properties 3.) Onset of action 4.) Ease of administration 5.) Condition being treated examples of parenteral routes IV, IM, SQ, intradermal, intraperitoneal, intraarterial, intraarticular, intracardiac, intramedullary, epidural/subdural Which parenteral route has the most rapid onset of action? What about its duration? IV accompanied by the shortest duration When does IV drugs reach its peak plasma concentration? as soon as it enters circulation Which route is best for irritating drugs? IV Why shouldn't oil- based drugs and drugs with suspended particles be given IV? greater chance of embolism depot preparations preparations from which the drug is absorbed slowly over an extended time SQ administration produces a _________ onset of action but slightly ____________ duration that IM slower; longer ID route is used for TB and allergen testing Most common route of drug Oral PO drugs can be given by mouth, ng tube, and orogastic tube Pros and Cons of PO drug administration Pros: Longer lasting effect, easily dispensed for at home administration, a lot of drugs available in this form Cons: slower absorption rate, should not be given to patients with vomiting or diarrhea In horses, caustic materials may be applied __________ to inhibit the growth of proud flesh topically Mechanisms of absorption passive diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport drug transport pincocytosis Passive Diffusion vs Facilitative diffusion Diffusion: From high to low concentration No energy required Facilitative: From high to low concentration no energy required uses a carrier Active transport Active: from lower to high concentrations