Veterinary technician Penn foster Pharmacology Chapter 4 questions and answers

Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics is the complex series of events that occurs once a drug is administered to the patient. What are some parenteral (or injectable) routes of administration? Intradermal (ID), which is an injection into the skin, used for testing for allergies Intraperitoneal (IP), which is an injection into the abdominal cavity Intraarterial (IA), which is an injection into an artery Intraarticular, which is an injection into a joint Intracardiac, which is an injection into the heart (This method is often used for euthanasia [killing the animal] and for cardiopulmonary resuscitation [CPR]. Intramedullary, which is an injection into the bone marrow cavity Epidural/subdural, which is an injection into the spine (epidural) or near the spine (subdural) What are the most common routes of administration? Oral (PO) Intravenous (IV) Intramuscular (IM) Subcutaneous (SQ or SC) Concentration gradient The difference in concentrations of drugs from one compartment of the body to another. Bioavailability Bioavailability measures the amount of drug that gets absorbed and is available to the patient. The degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches the general circulation. Water-soluble drugs Water-soluble drugs (ones that dissolve in the presence of water) tend to stay in the bloodstream, where they can be bound to various proteins (such as albumin) or remain free Lipid-soluble drugs Lipid-soluble drugs are absorbed by bodily fats (or lipids). Lipid-soluble drugs tend to move out of the bloodstream Veterinary Pharmacology into the interstitial fluid (the space between organs and tissues) or tissue areas. Fat, liver, kidneys, and bone may act as storage sites for these fat-soluble drugs Blood Brain barrier the barrier that prevents blood from entering brain tissues Metabolism chemical changes that release energy for the animal's bodily processes Metabolite what's produced by metabolism Oxidation the loss of electrons in the drug's chemical makeup Reduction the gain of electrons in the drug's chemical makeup Hydrolysis the splitting of the drug's molecule and the addition of water molecules to each split portion Conjugation (joining together two compounds [the drug molecule and glucuronic acid] to make another compound that dissolves more quickly in water the addition of glucuronic acid or similar compounds to the drug molecule; when these compounds are attached to a drug molecule, the drug becomes much more water soluble. Residues Drugs that appear in the animal's milk or meat products. Half-life The time it takes for half of the drug to be removed from the animal's system is called the half-life of that drug. Pharmacoydynamics Pharmacodynamics is the study of the mechanisms by which drugs produce physiological changes in the body