Biology 211 Exam 1 Questions With Correct Answers.

EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 26, 2024 9:30 AM Biology 211 Exam 1 Questions With Correct Answers. What are the 5 fundamental traits of life? With these traits in mind, are viruses alive? What evidence supports your conclusion? - answer✔✔-Energy Use and Metabolism -Cell Theory -Information, Genetics -Replication or reproduction -Biological Evolution -No, viruses are not alive because they do not have cells. How do hypotheses and theories differ? What do scientists mean by "theory" and does this mean the same thing as "in theory" that non -scientists may say in conversation? Explain. - answer✔✔A hypothesis is a constructed idea before any applicable research has been done. A theory is an idea supported by evidence. When scientists say theory, they mean something that is true and supported by evidence. When it is used in everyday conversations, it is simply an idea that hasn't been proven, aka a hypothesis. Write the Cell Theory in your own words. Did the Cell Theory challenge or support the concept of spontaneous generation? Explain. - answer✔✔Cell Theory: All cells come from pre -existing cells. The Cell The ory challenged Spontaneous Generation and tested against it through the Pasteur Flask Experiments. Outline Pasteur's swan -necked flask experiment. What was the one variable that differed between the test and experimental groups? Why is it important to test one variable at a time? - answer✔✔Pasteur was comparing the ideas of spontaneous generation and cell theory against each other. To do this, he first set up an experiment where he had a straight neck flask filled with broth. He boiled all of the bacteria o ut of the broth and left it to sit. After a couple of days, there were bacterial cells. He then took a straight necked flask and bent it into a swan necked flask. He then performed the same experiment, boiling broth in both flasks and leaving them. After a couple of weeks, the straight necked flask had bacterial cells in it again, but the swan neck did not. Instead, the cells clumped inside the bend in the neck. It's important to test one variable at a time so that the experiment isn't overwhelmed and you c an keep track of each variable that you're testing. EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 26, 2024 9:30 AM What were the 2 claims made by Wallace and Darwin as they described the process of evolution? - answer✔✔All species are related by common ancestry and characteristics of species can be modified from gener ation to generation because of natural selection. What are the 2 conditions required for natural selection to occur? Would a trait that increases the lifespan of each individual in the population but decreases overall fertility lead to greater or lesser fi tness of the affected individuals? - answer✔✔Individuals must vary in characteristics that are heritable and in a certain environment, certain versions of these traits can help individuals reproduce more than other versions. A trait that increases lifespa ns but decreases overall fertility would lead to lesser fitness in the affected individuals. What is the smallest unit that can evolve? Do individuals evolve? - answer✔✔A population is the smallest unit that can evolve. Individuals do not evolve. If you co ntinuously bred large -pod peas to other large -pod peas, would you expect the average pod size to get smaller or larger? Why? What is this process called? - answer✔✔You would expect the average pod size to get larger because it is a desirable heritable trai t due to natural selection. Distinguish between fitness and adaptation? What organism are the most evolutionarily fit? - answer✔✔Fitness is how well you produce offspring and how well they produce offspring. Adaptation is a trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a certain environment. Diagram the central dogma of genetics. Label the 3 steps in order, from DNA to protein. - answer✔✔Molecular machinery makes copies of DNA in a closely related molecule known as RNA, which is translated into prote in. Why did Carl Woese and his colleagues compare ribosomal RNA to build their phylogenetic trees? Could they have used the gene for a protein like keratin or pilin? Why or why not? - answer✔✔Woese and his colleagues compared ribosomal RNA to build their p hylogenetic trees because it is very simple and every organism uses ribosomes to make proteins. They couldn't have used the gene for proteins like keratin and pilin because not every organism produces those. However, all of them have some sort of ribosomal RNA. Given the 3 RNA sequences, draw a phylogenetic tree that accurately represents the relationship between the 3 species. - answer✔✔ What discoveries did Dr. Woese and his group make about: 1. Archaea and Bacteria 2. Fungus, Animals, and Plants - answer✔✔Although Archaea and Bacteria are very similar in structure, Archaea are more closely related to Eukaryotes than Bacteria. Fungi are more closely related to Animals than to Plants.