KU Biol 240 Exam 2 Questions And Answers With Verified Solutions Graded A+

(cartilage growth) "growth from outside" - appositional growth process: cartilage forming cells in surrounding perichondrium produce new cartilage tissue by actively secreting matrix 2 types of Cartilaginous joints: - synchondroses & symphyses 3 types of fibrous joints: - sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses 3 types of functional joints - Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, and Diarthroses 3 types of structural joints - Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial Amphiarthroses (functional) - -slightly movable joints due to stress/twisting -axial ex. intervertebral discs Articular capusule (synovial joints) What are the two layers? - The two-layered articular capsule that encloses the joint cavity 1. fibrous layer (outer layer) 2. Synovial membrane (inner layer) Articular cartilage - the ends of the opposing bones are covered by articular cartilage composed of hyaline cartilage -synovial fluid is squeezed in/out Biaxial (axial) - movement can occur in two planes Blood vessels of bone - Bone connective tissue - -more supportive & solid than cartilage -collagenous fibers give flexibility to the bones -1/3 is organic components -2 types (spongy/compact) Bone features - projections, articulation, depressions and cavities Bones of the cranium: function, number? - enclose and protect the brain, provide attachment sites for some muscles of the head & neck-8 cranial bones Bursae - closed bags of lubricants that reduce friction between body elements that move over one another Cartilage - -support & withstand deformation -60 to 80% water -capable of rapid growth -avascular (lack of blood vessels) -non-innervated (no nerves) Cartilage matrix - mostly water (80%) -oxygen, and nutrients from distant capillaries can diffuse through it quickly enough to supply metabolic needs Cartilaginous (structural) - -joints held together by hyaline or fibrocartilage -no joint cavity; slightly moveable ex. ribs, sternum Collagenous fibers - gives flexibility to bones Compact bone (external layer) - hard, stiff, smooth, thin, white bone tissue that surrounds all bones in the human body -provides structure and support, storage for minerals (calcium) Diametric growth - occurs at periosteum of diaphysis (shaft of bone) -high osteoblasts activity in periosteum -high osteoclast activity in endosteum Disarthroses (functional) - -freely moveable joints -appendicular ex. knee, hip joints (all synovial joints) Division of synovial joints - non-axial (side to side movement) & axial (rotation of one bone about another) Elastic cartilage - -similar to hyaline, but contains many elastic fibers & collagen fibers -VERY flexible (more elastic than hyaline) ex. outer ear, epiglottisEndochrondrial Ossification - bone develops from cartilage -all bones from base of skull (except clavicles) Facial bones functions - -forms framework of the face -forms cavities for sense organs (sight, taste & smell) -provide openings for passage of air & food -hold teeth in place -anchor muscles to face Factors that influence the stability of synovial joints - 1. Articular surfaces (fit together complementary) 2. Ligaments (prevent excessive movement) 3. Muscle tone (low level contractile force generated by a muscle even when its not causing movement) false ribs - 8-10 Fibrocartilage - unusual tissue that resists both strong compression and tension (pulling forces) -consists of thick, dense collagen fibers ex. intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus Fibrous (structural) - -dense regular connective tissue (ligaments) -no joint cavity; little if any movement ex. skull, ulna/radius, teeth/sockets Fibrous layer (articular capsule/synovial) - (outer layer) -dense irregular connective tissue -connected with periosteum -strengthens joint so it can not be pulled apart Flat bones - -thin, flat, usually somewhat curved -extensive surface for muscle attachment ex. skull, ribs, scapula floating ribs - 11-12 Function of calcium in bones - muscle contraction, blood clotthing, and nervous system Function of Phosphorous in bones - nuclei acids, ATP