Hondros BIO 117 Digestive System Questions with 100% Correct Answers

Absorption - after digestion, monosaccharides and amino acids, fatty acids, along with water, electrolytes, other nutrients, vitamins, elements like iron and iodide are absorbed Chemical processes - use of chemical substances to break down nutrients into their respective building blocks Digestive System - consists of the alimentary canal and accessory glands Digestive tract order - 1. mouth 2. oropharynx 3. pharynx 4. esophagus 5. stomach 6. duodenum 7. jejunum 8. ileum 9. cecum 10. Ascending Colon 11. Transverse Colon 12. Descending Colon 13. Sigmoid Colon 14. Rectum 15. Anal Canal Duodenum - digestion is most intense here Esophagus - Moves bolus towards the stomach by involuntary peristaltic movementFunction of the alimentary canal - mechanically and chemically break down food and then absorb the nutrients into the blood and lymph Gal Bladder (Cholecyst) Function - Concentrate and stor bile and pumps it into the duodenum when needed via the common bile duct HCl Hydrochloric Acid - Nonspecific defense, makes gastric content acidic Intestinal juices - disaccharidases peptidases lipase These enzymes finish the digestion of the macronutrients ie carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids Intrinsic Factor - Necessary for vitamin B12 absorption, lack of it causes pernicious anemia Jejunum - most nutrients absorb from here Large Intestine - Forms Feces. Absorbs water and electrolytes, some vitamins. Populated by bacteria (E. coli) that are very important in proper digestion and protecting the body from invasion by other bacteria Liver (Hepar) - many functions secretes bile: -bile salts-emulsify lipids (not an enzyme) -bilirubin- waste product of hemoglobin Detoxifies: substances absorbed from the intestines pass through the liver via the hepatic portal veins Produces a number of plasma proteins: AlbuminFibrinogen and prothrombin (clotting) Stores glycogen lysozyme - enzyme that kills bacteria Mechanical processes - chewing (mastication), mashing, squashing of contents Mucus - provides mechanical protection against hard or sharp substances that get in the oral cavity Oropharynx - air and food cross here Pancreas - behind stomach, pancreatic juice HCO3- - neutralizes gastric acid Trypsin: enzyme that digests proteins Amylase: enzyme that digests starch Lipase:enzyme digests fats Parts of Respiratory tract - Glottis and Trachea Pepsin - enzyme that starts digestion of proteins Salivary Amylose (Ptyalin) - Enzyme that starts the digestion of starch Salivary Glands - secrete digestive juices/saliva three pairs: a. Parotid b. Submandibularc. Sublingual Small Intestine - three parts 1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum Sphincters - make sure that the content of the alimentary canal progress in one direction: 1. Upper esophageal sphincter 2. Lower esophageal sphincter 3. Pyloric Sphincter 4. Iliocecal sphincter 5. Internal Anal Sphincter 6. External Anal sphincter