BIO 189 FINAL ARIZONA COLLEGE OF NURSING EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS!!

■ How can the sequence of bases contribute to the diversity among species? - Answer-DIFFERENT SEQUENCES OF BASES MAKE DIFFERENT TRAITS ■ Introns and Exons - Answer-INXONS ARE NOT NEEDED (IN TRASH), EXONS ARE THE PART OF NUCLEOTIDE THAT DO CODE FOR MAKING THE PROTEIN AND ARE READ (ESSENTIAL) ■ What are histones? - Answer-THE PROTEINS DNA WRAPS AROUND, HELPS BUILD SHAPE OF CHROMOSOMES ■ What are the nucleotide bases? - Answer-adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). ■ What is a centromere? - Answer-HOLD CHROMATIDS TOGETHER, IN CENTER ■ What is base pairing? - Answer-A base pair consists of two complementary DNA nucleotide bases that pair together to form a "rung of the DNA ladder." ■ What type of bond hold the DNA base pairs together? - Answer-HYDROGEN BONDS HOLD THEM TOGETHER ○ Examples of polygenic and pleiotropic inheritance - Answer-Polygenic - MANY, MANY GENES, A BUNCH OF GENES INVOLVED IN A SINGLE TRAIT Pleiotropic - ONE GENE THAT AFFECTS SEVERAL CHARACTERISTICS Skin color - Polygenic ■ Height - Pleiotropic ■ Sickle Cell Disease - Pleiotropic○ How are CHROMATIDS organized within the chromosome? - Answer-DNA CAN FORM CHROMATIDS, 2 CHROMATIDS TIED TOGETHER BY CENTOMERE IT FORMS A CHROMOSOME DNA => CHROMATIDS => CHROMOSOMES ○ The effects of nondisjunction - Answer-○ CHROMOSOME FAILS TO SEPARATE DURING ANAPHASE, CAN HAVE EXTRA OR FEWER CHROMOSOMES AND LEADS TO DISORDERS ○ What are sister chromatids? - Answer-COMPLETE COPY OF DNA, 2 IDENTICAL COPIES FORMED AFTER DNA REPLICATION ○ What are the components of a nucleotide? - Answer-SUGAR, PHOSPHATE GROUP MAKES SIDE OF LADDER, BASES = DNA = ATCG, RNA= URACIL HYDROGEN BONDS HOLD THEM TOGETHER ○ What are the steps of DNA replication? - Answer-HELICASE UNWINDS DNA PRIMER HELPS DNA POLYMERS KNOW WHERE TO ATTACH DNA POLYMERS, ASSEMBLE THE NEW HALF OF STRAND LIGASE, FIXES ANY GAPS ○ What did Hershey & Chase contribute to the discovery of DNA? - Answer-PROVED THAT DNA IS HEREDITY NOT PROTEINS BY FOLLOWING BACTERIOPHAGE ○ What did Watson and Crick develop? - Answer-USED ROSALIND DATA TO CREATE A DOUBLE HELIX DNA 3D MODEL USING HER IMAGE ○ What is the purpose of crossing over and when does it occur? - Answer-WHAT HAPPENS WITH HOMOLOGUS CHROMOSOMES, A SWAPPING OF GENES, HAPPENS DURING PROPHASE 1, ALLOWING GENETIC DIVERSITY, MAKES NEW GENE COMPOSITIONS ○ What is the result of DNA replication? - Answer-2 SEMI CONSERVATIVE STRANDS OF DNA ARE MADE○ What was Rosalind Franklin's major contribution? - Answer-MADE AN XRAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY DATA TO REVEAL THE BASIC SHAPE OF DNA ● Develop an understanding of the history of and contributors to the discovery of the structure and function of DNA ○ What is Erwin Chargaff's rules for base pairing? - Answer-DETERMINE ADENINE BONDS WITH THYMINE AND CYTOSINE BONDS WITH G FOUND IN DNA EXTRACTED FROM CELLS A=T AND C=G AMOUNTS DIFFER AMONG SPECIES ● Diagram the components and process of gene expression (transcription and translation) What is a gene? - Answer-UNIT OF INFORMATION THAT CODES FOR A TYPE OF TRAIT, BUILDING OR OPERATING AN INDIVIDUAL ● Discuss the environmental factors that influence variation in phenotypes! - Answer-GENOTYPE AFFECTED BY ENVIRONMENT AFFECTS PHENOTYPE ● Explore the ethical, medical, and historical ramifications for the study and use of HeLA cells ○ What are some of the benefits of using cell lines to study human diseases? - Answer-HeLa cells are widely used to investigate cancer, viral growth, protein synthesis, radiation effects and many other processes for medicine and research. Cancer cells occur due to unregulated cell division. This is due to mutations in the regulatory proteins that control the stages of interphase. CANCER CELLS THAT ARE IMMORTAL ● Identify the differences between gametes and somatic cells and their functions ○ What are gametes and how are they produced? - Answer-Sex and sperm cells, haploid contains half number of chromosomes, has 23 chromosomes, genetically unique, reconciled upon fertilization. SOMATIC - any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells. ABO blood groups - Answer-Genetically determined classes of human blood that are based on the presence or absence of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red blood cells. The ABO blood group phenotypes, also called blood types, are A, B, AB, and O.EXAMPLE OF CODOMINANT TRAIT - AB ARE DOMINANT GENES Alternative splicing - Answer-■ CUTTING OUT UNNECESSARY PIECES OF MESSENGER RNA IT HAS INTRONS AND EXONS Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance patterns - Answer-● Achondroplasia inheritance - dominant ● Klinefelter Syndrome - MALES WITH 2X AND A Y ● Turner Syndrome - MISSING A X CHROMOSME ● Down Syndrome - EXTRA CHROMSOME CELL CYCLE - Answer-G1 - GROWTH S - DNA SYNTHESIS G2 - GROWTH AND PREPARATION FOR MITOSIS M - MITOSIS ( CELL DIVISION) Compare and contrast DNA and RNA in form and function. - Answer-DNA IS DOUBLE-STRANDED, HAS T BASE, MAKES CODE FOR PROTEINS RNA IS SINGLE-STRANDED, HAS U BASE, MUCH SHORTER, DELIVERS CODE TO RIBOSOMES Compare and contrast DNA and RNA in form and function. - Answer-DNA IS DOUBLE-STRANDED, HAS T BASE, MAKES CODE FOR PROTEINS RNA IS SINGLE-STRANDED, HAS U BASE, MUCH SHORTER, DELIVERS CODE TO RIBOSOMES Define and/or know the characteristics of the following: metastasis, malignant cells, tumors & oncogenes. - Answer-TUMOR - A MASS OF ABNORMALLY DIVIDING CELLS, BENIGN, MALIGNANT - CANCER CELLS CANCER CELLS - DIVIDE ABNORMALLY FAST, HAVE A LOT MORE DNA, ABNORMAL APPEARANCE, DON'T STAY IN ONE PLACE BECAUSE THEY SPREAD ONCOGENES - WHEN MUTATED THEY SPEED UP RATE OF CELL DIVISION, LEADS TO CANCER, THEY ARE ACTIVATEDMETASTASIS - the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer. Describe the movement of the chromosomes in the stages of the cell cycle ○ Compare and contrast cytoplasmic division in plants and animals. - Answer-ANIMALS FORM CLEAVEAGE FURROWS, EVENTUALLY PINCH OFF FORMING 2 CELLS, PLANT CELLS YOU HAVE TO FORM A NEW WALL Describe the pathway for the H+ ions and electrons during oxidative phosphorylation. What is the final electron acceptor? - Answer-ELECTRONS MOVE DOWN A CHAIN OF PROTEINS, ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN END OF CHAIN H+ ions COMBINE WITH OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN FORM IN WATER Describe what happens at each of the Cell Cycle Checkpoints - Answer-CERTAIN GENES MAKE SURE THE CELL IS READY TO CONTINUE THE PROCESS OF DIVISION, IF SOMETHING IS WRONG IT MAY TAKE IT OUT TO FIX OR SELF DESTRUCT G CHECKPOINT, LOOKS FOR ADEQUATE NUTRIENTS M CHECKPOINT, CHECKS TO SEE IF CHROMOSOMES ARE LINED UP DURING METAPHASE IF DAMAGED MAY GO TO G0 FOR REPAIR Determine variations of Mendelian inheritance in inheritance patterns observed in humans ○ Compare and contrast codominance and incomplete dominance - Answer-BOTH ONLY AFFECT HETEROZYGOUS ○ incomplete dominance - HAVE A BLEND, GENE IS DOMINANT SO THEY BLEND TOGETHER AND MAKE INTERMIDETE COPY ○ codominance - BOTH GENES ARE DOMINANT, BOTH ARE EXPRESSED SEPARATELY Develop and analyze pedigrees of observed human genetic disorders. - Answer-MALES - SQUARE FEMELS - CIRCULAR SHADED - FOCUSES ON TRAITNON- SHADED - DOES NOT HAVE TRAIT Develop Punnett squares to illustrate Mendelian inheritance patterns of a monohybrid and dihybrid cross ○ How does a monohybrid cross reveal dominant-recessive relationships between alleles? - AnswerBOTH HAVE A DOMINANT GENE EXPRESSED BUT HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO PASS DOWN A RECESSIVE TRAIT, KNOWN AS CARRIER'S, CROSS BETWEEN TWO CARRIERS DNA codons - Answer-CODONS ARE THREE BASES THAT CODE FOR A SPECIFIC ACID Dominant and Recessive alleles - Answer-Dominant alleles are expressed, if present, and recessive are hidden Dominant - A GENE THAT IS EXPRESSED Recessive - A GENE THAT IS COVERED UNLESS THERE IS 2 GENES PRESENT Explain the arrangement of chromosomes in humans and the results of abnormal chromosome number ○ What is the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes? - Answer-ATOSOMES ARE FIRST 22 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES, BASIC BODY TRAITS, SAME IN BOTH SEXES SEX CHROMOSOMES LAST PAIR, 23 PAIR, DETERMINE SEX Explain the consequences of mutations in the cell cycle. - Answer-A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. CANCER GROWTH Explain the differences between sexual (meiosis) and asexual reproduction (mitosis) Compare and contrast Meiosis and Mitosis in process and resulting daughter cells - Answer-BOTH INVOLVE DNA REPLICATION DURING INTERPHASE MITOSIS, YOU HAVE ONE ROUND OF DIVISION THAT FORMS 2 IDENTICAL DIPLOID CELLS, REGULAR MEIOSIS, 2 ROUNDS OF DIVISION, MAKES 4 UNIQUE SEX CELLS OR GAMETES, UNIQUE PROPHASEExplain the results of the types of mutations - Answer-deletion: Type of mutation in which one or more nucleotides are lost from DNA. insertion: Type of mutation in which one or more nucleotides are inserted into DNA. Frameshifts change an mRNA codon reading frame, thus its protein building instructions. They are an outcome of insertion and deletions. A PERMANENT CHANGE IN THE SEQUENCE Explain why X-linked recessive disorders are more common in men than in women. Color-blindness inheritance - Answer-MALE ONLY HAS ONE GENE FEMALE NEEDS A RECESSIVE TRAIT Explore the alternate pathways in which organic compounds are broken down within the body · Describe ATP formation in terms of fermentation - Answer-This is made when there is an absence of oxygen. Explore the application of the genetic code for protein synthesis and the negative consequences of genetic mutations ○ How does the genetic code work in translation? - Answer-The complete set of correspondences between codons and amino acids (or stop signals) is known as the genetic code. Translation involves reading the mRNA nucleotides in groups of three, each of which specifies and amino acid (or provides a stop signal indicating that translation is finished). Explore the history of Gregor Mendel and his study of heredity in pea plants ○ Explain Gregor Mendel's contribution to the study of inheritance. - Answer-DISCOVERIES PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE BY CROSSING PEA PLANT Homozygous and heterozygous genotype - Answer-Homozygous - GENES IN A PAIR THAT ARE THE SAME, RECESSIVE OR DOMINANT Heterozygous - WHEN GENES ARE DIFFERENT, RECESSIVE OR DOMINANTHow are pedigrees used to study human inheritance patterns? - Answer-SHOWS HOW TRAITS PASSED OVER GENERATIONS How are the bases different between RNA and DNA? - Answer-BASES = DNA = ATCG, RNA= URACIL How can mutations be beneficial? - Answer-Mutations lead to genetic diversity. Genetic diversity provides variations in organisms that could lead to better fitness in an environment. CAN BE HARMLESS, MAY HAPPEN IN INTRONS THAT ARE NON-CODING, CAN LEAD TO NEW CAPABILITIES TO ENHANCE IN SURVIVAL How do environmental factors affect gene expression in offspring? - Answer-POTENTIAL TO REACH A CERTAIN HEIGHT IF U DON'T RECEIVE PROTEINS U MAY NOT REACH THE POTENTIAL HIGHT, STRESS, DIET, POLLUTION ETC. How do we calculate DNA nucleotide composition? - Answer-The total composition of the DNA sample must be accounted for by the sum of all the bases. How does it differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? - Answer-PROKARYOTES DO NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS, AND DNA IS CIRCULAR INSTEAD OF LINEAR How does Mitosis maintain the chromosome number? - Answer-RESOLVED IN DNA REPLICATION, HAPPENS IN THE S PHASE OF INTERPHASE, FORMS A CHROMOSOME WITH 2 CHROMATID COPIES JOINED AT CENTROMERE, DURING MITOSIS CHROMATIDS SEPARATE ONE COPY IS ADDED TO EACH CELL Identify the components and describe the processes of DNA replication ○ What are the functions of the enzymes for DNA replication (Helicase, Ligase, DNA polymerase, Primer)? - Answer-HELICASE, THE FIRST ENZYME, UNWINDS DNA AND EXPOSES BASES AND CREATES REPLICATION BUBBLE. PRIMER IS NEXT, A SHORT SEGMENT OF DNA AND TELLS DNA POLYMERS WHERE TO ATTACH, THESE ARE BUILDERS AND ATTACH TO FREE-FLOATING NUCLEOTIDES THAT ARE FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS TO COMPLEMENT NUCLEOTIDES AND BUILD NEW HALF OF DNA (TOP AND BOTTOM)DNA POLYMERS, ASSEMBLE THE NEW HALF OF STRAND LIGASE, WHICH FIXES ANY GAPS BETWEEN NUCLEOTIDES, CREATES A SEMI-CONSERVATIVE MODEL, HAS HALF ORIGINAL DNA AND HALF IS NEWLY BUILT Identify the components of aerobic respiration (equation) - Answer-C6H12O6 + O2 => CO2 + H2O + 32- 38 ATP GLUCOSE^ OXYGEN^ CARBON DIOXIDE^ HYDROGEN^ REACTANTS^ START WITH ^ PRODUCTS^ Identify the location of Acetyl CoA. - Answer-TRANSITION STAGE (Acetyl CoA FORMATION) - MITOCHONDRIA Identify the location of Citric Acid (Kreb's Cycle). - Answer-Citric Acid (Kreb's Cycle) - MITOCHONDRIA Identify the location of Glycolysis. - Answer-IN CYTOPLASM