4 classes of monomers? - Answer-1. amino acids
2. monosaccharides
3. nucleotides
4. lipids
95% of the cell is made up of what elements? - Answer-O,C,H,N
acidosis? - Answer-process that leads to low blood pH
alkalosis? - Answer-process that leads to high blood pH
alpha helix basic features? - Answer-- Sequence independence: most amino acid
sequences can support an alpha helix structure because:
a. Stabilizing hydrogen bonds between every nth carbonyl oxygen and n+4 amino
hydrogen.
b. Side chains point out and away from inside backbone which decreases steric
hindrance.
- 3.6 residues every turn.
amino acids components? polymer and linkage? - Answer-1. carboxylic acid group
2. side chain (R)
3. amino group
(amino and carboxylic acid groups are both charged at physiological pH)
polymer = polypeptide, linked by condensation reaction between carboxylic acid and
amino groups (= peptide bond)
amphipathic/amphiphilic molecules? how do they behave in aqueous solutions? -
Answer-molecules that contain both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
they form micelles and lipid bilayers
amyloid diseases basic properties? - Answer-certain proteins can adapt to a misfolded
conformation with a higher b-sheet concentration, or become a "molten globule" that
can associate with other beta sheets of misfolded conformation, which can lead to
aggregation into amyloid fibres with a beta sheet core.
anabolism - Answer-building complex molecules at the expense of energy
anion exchange uses what ion-exchange molecule? - Answer-DEAE (+)
beta sheet basic features? - Answer-- Hydrogen bonds between backbones of multiple
beta sheets stabilizes structure
Sheets can be parallel ( N → C aligned with N → C) or antiparallel ( N → C aligned with
C → N)
, - Side chains and carbonyls of consecutive residues alternate directions
- Parallel sheets can have a long loop connecting them, while antiparallel can have a
short hairpin loop connecting them.
bonding abilities of water? this gives it what characteristics? - Answer-ability to form
hydrogen bonds ---> high surface tension
ability to form 4 H-bonds --> crystalline structure of ice
carabolism - Answer-breaking down larger molecules
carbonic anhydrase? - Answer-enzyme that speeds up interconversion of
HCO3- + H+ and H2O + CO2
= allows bicarbonate ions to maintain equilibrium more quickly
cation exchange uses what ion-exchange molecule? - Answer-CM (-)
Chargaff's Rule - Answer-%A = %T
and
%G = %C
deoxyribose sugar is used in? - Answer-DNA
Describe the errors in genes that lead to sickle cell anemia: - Answer-Normal →
Mutated
Point Mutation: A → T
A.a sequence: Glu →Val (Glu6Val mutation on hemoglobin β)
A hydrophobic pocket is exposed on β-subunit when hemoglobin is in T-state.
Pocket binds to a neighboring hemoglobin.
More T-state hemoglobins → build up long protein strands of Hb in the cell that causes
the "burst" or stretched look in blood cells.
Strands of Hb are rigid and self-stabilizing but reversible -- binding O2 causes R-state
conformation.
difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? - Answer-prokaryotes are unicellular
organisms that do not have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles, while
eukaryotes have membrane enclosed organelles with specialized functions
DNA structure? - Answer-two DNA strands are antiparallel and the resulting helix is
right-handed
2. monosaccharides
3. nucleotides
4. lipids
95% of the cell is made up of what elements? - Answer-O,C,H,N
acidosis? - Answer-process that leads to low blood pH
alkalosis? - Answer-process that leads to high blood pH
alpha helix basic features? - Answer-- Sequence independence: most amino acid
sequences can support an alpha helix structure because:
a. Stabilizing hydrogen bonds between every nth carbonyl oxygen and n+4 amino
hydrogen.
b. Side chains point out and away from inside backbone which decreases steric
hindrance.
- 3.6 residues every turn.
amino acids components? polymer and linkage? - Answer-1. carboxylic acid group
2. side chain (R)
3. amino group
(amino and carboxylic acid groups are both charged at physiological pH)
polymer = polypeptide, linked by condensation reaction between carboxylic acid and
amino groups (= peptide bond)
amphipathic/amphiphilic molecules? how do they behave in aqueous solutions? -
Answer-molecules that contain both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
they form micelles and lipid bilayers
amyloid diseases basic properties? - Answer-certain proteins can adapt to a misfolded
conformation with a higher b-sheet concentration, or become a "molten globule" that
can associate with other beta sheets of misfolded conformation, which can lead to
aggregation into amyloid fibres with a beta sheet core.
anabolism - Answer-building complex molecules at the expense of energy
anion exchange uses what ion-exchange molecule? - Answer-DEAE (+)
beta sheet basic features? - Answer-- Hydrogen bonds between backbones of multiple
beta sheets stabilizes structure
Sheets can be parallel ( N → C aligned with N → C) or antiparallel ( N → C aligned with
C → N)
, - Side chains and carbonyls of consecutive residues alternate directions
- Parallel sheets can have a long loop connecting them, while antiparallel can have a
short hairpin loop connecting them.
bonding abilities of water? this gives it what characteristics? - Answer-ability to form
hydrogen bonds ---> high surface tension
ability to form 4 H-bonds --> crystalline structure of ice
carabolism - Answer-breaking down larger molecules
carbonic anhydrase? - Answer-enzyme that speeds up interconversion of
HCO3- + H+ and H2O + CO2
= allows bicarbonate ions to maintain equilibrium more quickly
cation exchange uses what ion-exchange molecule? - Answer-CM (-)
Chargaff's Rule - Answer-%A = %T
and
%G = %C
deoxyribose sugar is used in? - Answer-DNA
Describe the errors in genes that lead to sickle cell anemia: - Answer-Normal →
Mutated
Point Mutation: A → T
A.a sequence: Glu →Val (Glu6Val mutation on hemoglobin β)
A hydrophobic pocket is exposed on β-subunit when hemoglobin is in T-state.
Pocket binds to a neighboring hemoglobin.
More T-state hemoglobins → build up long protein strands of Hb in the cell that causes
the "burst" or stretched look in blood cells.
Strands of Hb are rigid and self-stabilizing but reversible -- binding O2 causes R-state
conformation.
difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? - Answer-prokaryotes are unicellular
organisms that do not have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles, while
eukaryotes have membrane enclosed organelles with specialized functions
DNA structure? - Answer-two DNA strands are antiparallel and the resulting helix is
right-handed
