DNA and RNA Replication Practice Guide Questions And Complete Answers.

Nucleotide - correct answer a molecule made of a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group monomer of nucleic acids Double Helix - correct answer twisted-ladder shape of DNA, formed by two nucleotide strands twisted around each other, antiparallel, goes in 5' 3' direction , one strand upside down in relation to other strand Helicase - correct answer An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks. Polymerase - correct answer creates new strand of DNA Nitrogenous Bases - correct answer Adenine + Guanine (Purines), Cytosine + Thymines (Pyrimidines), A-T, C-G (apple in tree, car in garage) hydrogen bonds - correct answer bind nitrogenous bases ligase - correct answer binds DNA fragments together primase - correct answer adds RNA primer DNA replication - correct answer The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself. replication bubble - correct answer where DNA replication takes place. Helicase opens DNA strand Primase creates RNA primer (later removed and replaced with DNA nucleotides) DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to template strands - correct answer steps of replication Polymerase only builds new strands of DNA in 5' to 3' direction so the lagging strand is built in fragments - correct answer problem in DNA replication lagging strand - correct answer Chain of nucleotides made in fragments as the replication fork opens leading strand - correct answer the strand of DNA that is continuously synthesized during replication Central dogma of molecular biology - correct answer DNA (replication) → RNA (transcription) → Protein (translation) RNA vs. DNA - correct answer Ribose vs Deoxyribose Uracil vs Thymine Single vs Double stranded Transcription - correct answer (genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA Initiation of transcription - correct answer The attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter and the start of RNA synthesis. Elongation of transcription - correct answer Using DNA as template RNA polymerase adds free RNA nucleotides one at a time termination of transcription - correct answer eventually the RNA transcript is released and the polymerase detaches from the DNA mRNA - correct answer Messenger rna Large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes. single stranded tRNA - correct answer transfer rna carries an amino acid to its correct codon contains amino acid attatchment site and anticodon rRNA - correct answer Ribosomal RNA. Makes up structure of ribsomes. Combines with ribosomes to form proteins. Codon - correct answer three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid amino acid attachment site - correct answer the region on the tRNA where the amino acid is attached translation - correct answer Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced tRNA comes to mRNA. there is an amino acid at the top that codes for the codon that fits with the anticodon at the bottom of tRNA. tRNA comes into ribosome at P site, then the next one comes into the A site. then peptide bond forms between to amino acids and then ribosome moves to the right so both peptide bonds go to e and p site. - correct answer process of translation in a ribosome (RNA -- Protein) AUG - correct answer start codon mutations in dna - correct answer change in DNA that results in a change of the amino acids and the protein deletion - correct answer a mutation in which a single nucleotide is removed during DNA replication substitution - correct answer a type of mutation where one base pair is replaced by a different base pair. insertion - correct answer A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene. nonsense mutation - correct answer changes a normal codon into a stop codon strand is built in 5' - 3' direction, stands of DNA are being used as a template for newly added nucleic acid - correct answer how is transcription similar to DNA replication? RNA polymerase is ONLY enzyme used in transcription, no leading and lagging in transcription - correct answer how is transcription different from DNA replication? have a large and small subunit, which sandwich themselves around the mRNA molecule that it will read. three active sites in the ribosome that hold tRNA molecules - A site, P, and E. tRNA enters at the A site and exits at the E site. - correct answer structure of ribosomes redundancy in the genetic code - correct answer helps to protect against damage resulting from mutations. because many amino acids are coded for by more than one codon, and those codons that code for the same amino acid typically differ only by the last base in their codon sequence. This means that if a mutation occurs in the third position of a codon sequence, it will probs still code for the same amino acid and protein -- silent mutation silent mutation - correct answer A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.