DNA/RNA Study Guide With Complete Answers.

What is DNA? - correct answer Genetic information that ultimately determines an organism's traits. What is DNA? - correct answer It is the complete instructions for manufacturing all the proteins for an organism. What is DNA? - correct answer It determines the structure of proteins (all actions depend on proteins called enzymes which controls all functions) The structure of nucleotides - correct answer DNA is a polymer made of repeating subunits called nucleotides Nucleotides have three parts: - correct answer a simple sugar which is deoxyribose (DNA name is deoxyribonucleic acid.) Nucleotides have three parts: - correct answer a phosphate group Nucleotides have three parts: - correct answer One of 4 nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) Adenine (A) always pairs with - correct answer Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) always pairs with - correct answer Guanine (G) There are always equal amounts of adenine as there is thymine - correct answer There are always equal amounts of cytosine as there is guanine G-C - correct answer George Clooney A-T - correct answer AshleyTisdale Shape of DNA - correct answer The phosphate groups and deoxyribose molecules form the backbone of the chain, and the nitrogenous bases stick out like the teeth of a zipper. Shape of DNA - correct answer It looks like a spiral staircase Shape of DNA - correct answer Because it is composed of 2 strands twisted together, its shape is called double helix. Discovery of DNA - correct answer *In 1953, Watson and Crick (along with Maurice Wilkins) discovered the shape *They won a Nobel Prize for their discovery Replication of DNA - correct answer Before a cell can divide by mitosis or meiosis, it must first make a copy of its chromosomes. Replication of DNA - correct answer The DNA in the chromosomes is copied in a process called DNA replication Replication of DNA - correct answer Without DNA replication, new cells would have only half the DNA of their parents. Replication of DNA - correct answer DNA is copied during interphase (S phase) prior to mitosis and meiosis. It is important that the new copies are exactly like the original molecules. Replication of DNA - correct answer Example- If you have a strand of DNA that is A - T - C - A - A - G You would get a strand replicated of T - A - G - T - T - C Mutation - correct answer If there is a change in any nucleotide sequence at even 1 location, it would cause serious repercussions Genes and Proteins - correct answer Proteins control chemical reactions that perform key life functions. Genes and Proteins - correct answer By encoding the instructions for making proteins, DNA controls cells. Genes and Proteins - correct answer Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Genes and Proteins - correct answer The sequence of nucleotides in each gene contains information for assembling the string of amino acids that make up a single protein. RNA - correct answer RNA is like DNA, it is a nucleic acid and is transcribed from DNA RNA - correct answer It acts like a messenger between DNA and ribosomes and carries out the process of making proteins from amino acids Difference in RNA from DNA - correct answer RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded. Difference in RNA from DNA - correct answer Sugar in RNA is ribose; DNA's sugar is deoxyribose. Difference in RNA from DNA - correct answer Both contain 4 nitrogenous bases, DNA has thymine, RNA contains a similar base called uracil (U). Uracil will pair with adenine in RNA 3 Types of RNA that help build proteins - correct answer 1)Messenger RNA (mRNA): brings instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm, then to the ribosome. 2)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), binds to the mRNA and uses the instructions to assemble the amino acids in the correct order (most abundant) 3)Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the supplier. Transfer RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein. Transcription - correct answer It is the process where RNA is made from DNA Transcription - correct answer The main difference between transcription and DNA replication is that transcription results in the formation of one single-stranded RNA molecule rather than a double-stranded DNA molecule. Transcription - correct answer Example- If you have a strand of DNA that is A - T - C - A - A - G You would get a strand transcribed of U - A - G - U - U - C The Genetic Code - correct answer The nucleotide sequence transcribed from DNA to messenger RNA acts as a genetic message to build a protein. The Genetic Code - correct answer Proteins contain chains of amino acids. The language of proteins uses an alphabet of amino acids. The Genetic Code - correct answer A code is needed to convert the language of mRNA into the language of proteins. Codons for the genetic code - correct answer 3 nitrogenous bases in mRNA code for one amino acid. Each group is known as a codon Codons for the genetic code - correct answer 64 combinations are possible when a sequence of three bases is used; thus, 64 different mRNA codons are in the genetic code. Translation: From mRNA to Protein - correct answer The process where transfer RNA picks up and carries amino acids from the messenger RNA at the nucleus and carries them to the ribosomes Translation: From mRNA to Protein - correct answer It "translates" a message from the language of nucleic acids into polypeptides. Protein Synthesis: Making proteins - correct answer Usually, the first codon on mRNA is AUG, it signals the start of protein synthesis Protein Synthesis: Making proteins - correct answer When this signal is given, the ribosome slides along the mRNA to the next codon. Protein Synthesis: Making proteins - correct answer A chain of amino acids is formed until the stop codon is reached on the mRNA strand. UAA, UGA, & UAG are stop codons