PSG 110 Essentials of Polysomnography Chapter 1 Questions and Answers accurate

PSG 110 Essentials of Polysomnography Chapter 1 Questions and Answers accurate What is sleep debt? the amount of sleep a person has lost over a period of time compared with what they should receive How can an increased sleep debt impact our daily lives? it can cause daytime sleepiness, poor performance, lack of concentration, difficulty awakening,irritability, morning headaches, lack of motivation and multiple health problems How does human sleep differ from the sleep of other animals? Varying species of mammals may sleep anywhere from 3-19 hours every 24 hour period in different stages including REM and NREM sleep What are the stages of sleep, and how are they normally distributed during the night? Stage R (REM sleep) and NREM. NREM sleep is divided into three stages (N1, N2, N3) How does the normal aging process affect our sleep? As humans age, the number of EEG arousals and awake enings per hour of sleep increase, Stage N3 decreases with age, sleep efficiency decreases and complaints of insomnia increase, obstructive sleep apnea typically worsen What is the significance of a decreased sleep latency? a decreased sleep latency may indicate excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) What is the significance of a decreased sleep efficiency? may indicate a disruption of sleep due to many number of factors including leg movements, apneas, pain, insomnia and so on. What are some of the major effects that drugs can have on our sleep? decreased sleep latency, increased total sleep time, increase or decrease sleep efficiency, increase or decrease wake after sleep onset, increase or decrease N1, N2 and N3 stages, decrease Stage R sleep, increase or decrease arousals, increase restless legs, increase periodic limb movements, increase daytime sleepiness, increase eye movements in NREM, increase REM behavior disorder, increase obstructive apnea How can pregnancy affect sleep? increased weight gain in the abdominal and thoracic areas can greatly increase the likelihood of obstructive respiratory events, including apneas, hypopneas, and snoring sleep a natural and periodic state of rest during which consciousness of the world is suspended sleep deprivation any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability chronic sleep deprivation not having enough sleep over an extended period of time sleep debt the amount of sleep a person has lost over a period of time compared with what they should have recieved sleep hygine practices that aid in falling asleep or staying asleep circadian rhythm the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream Thermoregulation the body's ability to regulate its own temperature decreases during REM Thalamus the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla Reticular Activating System (RAS) a dense network of neurons found in the core of the brain stem; it arouses the cortex and screens incoming information suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness dopamine A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system. Acetylcholine enables muscle action, learning, and memory Noradrenaline A chemical in the brain that maintains and enhances the activation of the cerebral cortex. Histamine a chemical in the brain responsible for activation of the cortex Glutamate Excitatory amino acids that project to the cortex, forebrain, and brainstem sleep state The state of wakefulness, NREM sleep, or REM sleep Nonrapid eye movement (NREM) Sleep that occurs during the first four stages of normal sleep. Stage R the stage of sleep found in all mammals during which brain activity is similar to wakefulness, but muscle tone is absent. Characterized by the rapid eye movements and is the stage in which dreaming occurs Phasic REM portions of stage R during which eye movements occur Tonic REM periods of stage R in which no eye movements occur Stage N1 sleep A stage of NREM sleep occurring during the transition from wake to sleep. Characterized by a low voltage EEG with frequencies slowing to theta ranges, suppressed alpha activity, V waves and slow rolling eye movements Stage N2 A stage of NREM sleep characterized by sleep spindles and K-complexes with a low voltage, mixed frequency. sleep spindles a burst of 11- to 16- Hz (usually 12- to 14- Hz) Commonly seen in Stage N2, lasting at least 0.5 seconds Stage N3 A stage of NREM sleep defined by at least 20% of the 30-second epoch consisting of EEG slow waves with frequencies less than 2 Hz and amplitudes greater than 75 uv Sleep architecture The pattern of REM and NREM stages of sleep achieved throughout the night Stage W An epoch score in which the patient is awake , characterized by alpha activity in the occipital EEG channels, eye blinks, a high-amplitude chin EMG, and muscle movements