Bio 669 Exam 1 Questions And Answers With Complete Solutions

Hypotension, tachycardia and low urine output are signs of - ANShypovolemia 7.36 ph, high CO2 and high bicarbonate indicates - ANSfully compensated respiratory acidosis If water consists of 60% of TBW. Choose and assign corresponding percentages (40, 5,15 and 20). ICF = ECF= Interstitial = Intravascular = - ANSICF=40; ECF=20; Interstitial = 15 and Intravascular = 5 Adaptive Immunity is programmed to respond to damage to the body whether the damaged tissue is septic or sterile - ANSFalse . Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity is the third line of defense in human body also called the immune response or immunity. Whereas the Innate Immune system is programmed to respond to damage to the body whether the damaged tissue is septic or sterile. 1. A patient in the Medical ICU has +3 pitting edema in the extremities, jaundice, icterus, and a grossly distended abdomen. Labs show that his albumin levels are 1.2. Which option below describe the process behind the ascites and pitting edema ? A. Decreased hydrostatic pressure B. Decreased capillary oncotic pressure C. Increased Interstitial hydrostatic pressure D. Decreased interstitial oncotic pressure - ANSB- decreased capillary oncotic pressure Which of the following is NOT a non volatile acid in the body? A. Lactic acid B. Phosphoric acid C. Hydroxybutyric acid D. Carbonic acid - ANSD- carbonic acid In one of the major acid/base buffering systems; the lungs will decrease __________ _________ by blowing off carbon dioxide and leaving water and the kidneys will regulate the levels of __________ to maintain a safe pH. - ANSCarbonic acid/bicarbonate A patient presents to your office you find; dysthymia, fatigue, decrease bowel sounds, thirst, and weakness. What potassium imbalance is this? - ANSHypokalemia Hyponatremia usually causes the movement of _________into ____ - ANSAnswer: water, cells Causes of hypernatremia, include: A excessive free water intake. B inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline solution. C over secretion of the hormone aldosterone. D Cushing syndrome. E ingesting large amounts of dietary sodium. - ANSAnswer: B, C, D (some Causes of Hypernatremia) B inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline solution. C over secretion of the hormone aldosterone. D Cushing syndrome. Early changes of___________ includes tall __________ - ANSHyperkalemia, peaked T waves A _______ is caused by an excess protein that is found in the skin during healing. - ANSKeloid Your pt has an ST depression as a well as an inverted T-wave, and prominent U wave on EKG monitoring. What lab value is likely responsible? a.) Magnesium 2.2 b.) Phosphorous 2.0 c.) Potassium 2.2 d.) Potassium 5.6 - ANSc.) Potassium 2.2 What is an electrolyte? a.) A substance that is responsible for controlling appetite and mood. b.) A hormone that is responsible for feelings of alertness throughout the day. c.) A mineral that has an electric charge, found dissolved in bodies of water d.) All of the above - ANSc.) A mineral that has an electric charge, found dissolved in bodies of water Alzheimer's disease is the result of a decrease in which neurotransmitter A. Dopamine B. Acetylcholine C. Norepinephrine D. Serotonin - ANSB. Acetylcholine An excessive amount of this electrolyte can contribute to decreased urine formation, the formation of SIADH, weakness, muscle twitching and cerebral edema A. Potassium B. Calcium C. Water D. Sodium - ANSD. Sodium All of these are causes of edema except: A: Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure B: Decreased in plasma oncotic pressure C: Increased in capillary permeability D: Decrease in hydrostatic pressure - ANSD: Decrease in hydrostatic pressure _________ have similar effects to histamine in later stages A: prostaglandins B: Eosinaphils C: Leukotrienes D: Platelet-activating factors - ANSC: Leukotrienes Causes of metabolic alkalosis include all the following except: a) Mineralocorticoid deficiency B) Hypokalemia c) Thiazide diuretic therapy d) Recurrent vomiting - ANSa) Mineralocorticoid deficiency All are true about metabolic alkalosis except one: a) Associated with hyperkalemia b) Associated with decreased ionic calcium concentration c) Can be caused due to Primary hyperaldosteronism d) Can be caused due to Renin secreting tumor - ANSa) Associated with hyperkalemia Which of the following are 2 forces that favor filtration? A. Capillary hydrostatic pressure B. Plasma (capillary ) oncotic pressure C. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure D. Interstitial oncotic pressure - ANSA. Capillary hydrostatic pressure D. Interstitial oncotic pressure Immunization is an example of which type of immunity? A. Active B. Passive - ANSA. Active Immunity In order for someone to be diagnosed with AIDS what criteria must be met? a. CD4 T Cells >400 b. CD4 T Cells <150 c. CD4 T Cells <200 d. CD4 T Cells <400 - ANSc. CD4 T Cells <200 A 60 year old woman presents with a complicated wound to her left calf. Throughout the assessment you gather information from the patient and find out the patient is currently smoking. What information would you give to the patient in regards to her current smoking habits and her complicated wound? a. You can continue to smoke even with your current wound because it will not effect the healing process in any way. b. Smoking during the healing process can cause vasoconstriction therefore causing ischemia and interrupt the healing process. c. There are no reason for you to quit smoking since smoking does not effect our health in any way. d. You should stop smoking because it can increase your risk factors of getting lung disease and cardiovascular disease as well. - ANSb. Smoking during the healing process can cause vasoconstriction therefore causing ischemia and interrupt the healing process. Non-volatile acids such as lactic acid cannot be converted into a gas and excreted as __________, so they must be buffered through the __________. a) C02, kidneys b) HC03, respiratory system c) C02, respiratory system d) HC03, kidneys - ANSa) C02, kidneys As Na+ travels into the cell, ions travel outside to maintain equality which may lead to acid/base imbalances. a) Cl- b) H+ c) Ca++ d) HCO3 - ANSb) H+ What is the most abundant cation in the extracellular space? a. Potassium b. Chloride c. Sodium d. Magnesium - ANSc. Sodium Papilledema is an indicator of which of the following problem? a. Increased sodium retention b. Increased intracranial pressure c. Dehydration d. Widening of the foramen magnum - ANSb. Increased intracranial pressure Both _______ and ________ would be considered physical and/or mechanical barriers that contribute to the body's defense mechanisms. a.) normal body flora; cytokines b.) respiratory tract ciliary movement; neurons c.) Natural Killer Cells; epithelial cells of the skin d.) epithelial cells of the skin; respiratory tract ciliary movement - ANSd.) epithelial cells of the skin; respiratory tract ciliary movement Physical barriers are composed of tightly associated epithelial cells that comprise the skin and the lining of the GI tract which prevent entry of outside pathogens. Mechanical barriers remove pathogens that attempt to invade the physical barrier. Which of the following would not be a contributing factor to dysfunctional wound healing? a.) Infection b.) Minerals & Vitamins use c.) Diabetes d.) Ischemia - ANSb.) Minerals & Vitamins use Infection causes cell damage, diabetes impairs circulation, and ischemia causes cell death with collagen impairment. What is NOT true in regards to action potentials? a. Na+ gates are open b. Na+ gates are closed c. K+ gates are open d. it is an all or none event - ANSb. Na+ gates are closed The sympathetic nervous system is known for its _________ or ________ phenomenon. Whereas the parasympathetic nervous system is focuses on ______ and _____ response. - ANSfight-or-flight; rest and tranquility What systems with the buffer system are regulators of acid base balance? A. neurologic and cardiac B. renal and respiratory C. gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal - ANSB. renal and respiratory ________________are the cell needed to kill bacteria in the early inflammation stages. A. neutrophils B. basophils C. eosinophils - ANSA. neutrophils Which of the following are treatment options for HIV? Select all that apply. a. Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors b. Entrance inhibitors c. Exit inhibitors d. AZT e. Integrase inhibitors f. Protease inhibitor - ANSA, B, D, E, F a. Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors b. Entrance inhibitors d. AZT e. Integrase inhibitors f. Protease inhibitor Breastfeeding is considered which type of immunity? a. Active Immunity b. Adaptive Immunity c. Passive Immunity d. Transferred Immunity - ANSc. Passive Immunity Which of the following is NOT true about potassium? A) Diabetic ketoacidosis is associated with high serum potassium B) Insulin administration increases the extracellular concentration of potassium C) Aldosterone causes potassium excretion in urine D) Potassium deficiency delays ventricular repolarization - ANSB) Insulin administration increases the extracellular concentration of potassium Which of the following is true about metabolic alkalosis? Select all that apply. A) Can be caused by vomiting with hydrochloric acid loss B) Associated with hyperkalemia C) High bicarbonate, high pH lab results D) Hypoventilation as a compensatory mechanism - ANSA, C, D A) Can be caused by vomiting with hydrochloric acid loss C) High bicarbonate, high pH lab results D) Hypoventilation as a compensatory mechanism What Plasma Protein system has similarities to histamine and assists inflammatory cells by causing dilation of blood vessels, pain, and smooth muscle contraction? a) Compliment system b) Clotting system c) Kinin system d) none of the above - ANSc) Kinin system (specifically bradykinin) What is the bodies defense to viral infections? a) Interleukins b) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha c) Basophils d) Interferon - ANSd) Interferon Fill in the correct blanks: ________________ are antimicrobial peptides that inhibit microbial growth and require activation by proteolytic enzymes. A. Interferons B. B-defensins C. Collectins D. A-defensins - ANSD. A-defensins What is a shared symptom of hyperphosphatemia and hypercalcemia? A. Seizures B. Anorexia C. Cardiac dysrhythmias D. Muscle Weakness - ANSB. Anorexia (blank) is secreted by the posterior pituitary in response to an increase in plasma osmolality or a decrease in circulating blood volume. a. ACE b. ADH c. H20 d. ECF - ANSb. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) (blank) is the most prevalent ICF ion. It is required in order for glycogen to be able cross liver and skeletal muscle cells. If insulin is given when levels are low this may lead to an dangerously low levels of this ion. - ANSPotassium Which type of pressure attracts water from the capillary into the interstitial space? A. Capillary hydrostatic pressure B. Capillary oncotic pressure C. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure D. Interstitial oncotic pressure - ANSD. Interstitial oncotic pressure Which of the following is NOT a quality of adaptive immunity? A. Inducible B. Specific C. No memory D. None of the above - ANSC. No memory To achieve an acid-base balance, pulmonary compensation is ________ (fast or slow); while renal compensation is __________ (fast or slow). - ANSfast, slow (respectively) MHC class I molecules offer___________ antigens; MHC class II molecules offer ____________ antigens. (endogenous or exogenous) - ANSendogenous, exogenous (respectively) Hypokalemia may be caused by ______ (increased, decreased) potassium intake, a shift of potassium from _____ (ICF, ECF), to the _____ (ICF, ECF), increased _____ (ADH, Aldosterone), increased renal excretion, and ____ (alkalosis, acidosis). - ANSdecreased, ECF, ICF, Aldosterone, alkalosis What are the macroscopic and microscopic hallmarks of inflammation? - ANSMacro= redness, swelling, heat, pain and loss of function of the inflamed tissues Micro= vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, accumulation of fluid and cells at the site of inflammation What percentage of total body water (TBW) is in a pediatric patient? a. 25% b. 50% c. 60% d. 75% - ANSd. 75% Which of the following is not a sign of hypokalemia? a. decreased neuromuscular excitability b. smooth muscle atony c. tall peaked T wave d. skeletal weakness - ANSC. tall peaked T wave All of the following are contributing factors to acidosis except: a. Too Much Acid b. Too Little Base c. Too Much Base d. Too Much Carbon Dioxide - ANSC. Too Much Base True or False: Oncotic pressure is responsible for the movement of water intra cellular and extracellular. - ANSFalse, it is Osmotic pressure The Natriuretic Peptide System decreases blood pressure by: a) Releasing ANH from atrial endocrine cells b) Signaling the body to secrete Aldosterone c) Signaling the body to secrete ADH d) Blocking the conversion of Angiotensin 1 into Angiotensin 2 - ANSa) Releasing ANH - signals body to excrete Na and thus water, which lowers BP. In acute inflammation, which of the following plasma proteins protects the kidneys from severe damage in a trauma patient experiencing hemolysis? a) C-reactive protein b) Fibrinogen c) Haptoglobin d) Amyloid - ANSc) Haptoglobin During hemolysis, hemoglobin spills out into the plasma and starts to make its way to the kidneys. Haptoglobin binds any free hemoglobin, which blocks oxidation/chemical reactants from binding to hemoglobin. It also marks the hemoglobin to be 'recycled elsewhere, not by the kidneys.' This prevents hemoglobin from binding with chemical reactants and being excreted by the kidneys, which would otherwise cause severe damage. As proteins leave the vessels and there is an increase of loss of fluids, this is known as, a) Metabolic acidosis b) active immunity c) capillary permeability d) colloid osmotic pressure - ANSc. capillary permeability The type of leukocyte associated with allergic responses is the neutrophil. a) True b) False - ANSb. False (the type of leukocyte is eosinophil) The movement of fluid between the vascular, interstitial space and lymphatics is a result of? A. Capillary oncotic pressure B. Hydrostatic pressure C.Net filtration D. Osmotic forces - ANSC. Net filtration Increased osmolality stimulates ADH, what will the secretions result in? A. Increased water reabsorption B. Less concentrated blood plasma C. More concentrated urine D. All the above - ANSD. All of the above Your patient arrives from an outside hospital in DKA. Report from outside hospital is the patient received a bolus of Insulin and the patients blood sugar dropped from 520 to 198 over the last two hours. What would you be concerned about with the quick drop in blood sugar. A. ICP B. Kidney Function C. Liver Function D. UTI - ANSA. ICP What is the most common electrolyte imbalance in the elderly? A. Hyperkalemia B. Hypokalemia C. Hypernatremia D. Hypokalemia - ANSD. Hypokalemia Which systems together with the body's buffer systems are the principal regulators of acid-base balance? a. Lymphatic and Respiratory systems b. Renal and Respiratory systems c. Cardiac and Skeletal systems d. Immune and Urinary sysytms - ANSB. Renal and Respiratory Vomiting, gastrointestinal suctioning, excessive bicarbonate intake, hyperaldosteronism, and diuretic therapy could indicate which condition? a. Respiratory alkalosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Metabolic acidosis d. Metabolic alkalosis - ANSMetabolic alkalosis When CD 4 (B-helper) cells are limited, what can this cause? A. an increase in the adaptive immune response B. a decrease for oppurtunistic infections C. a decrease in the adaptive immune response D. a decrease in the white blood cell count - ANSC- a decrease in the adaptive immune response What can cause increased intercranial pressure? 1. An increase in protein 2. an increase in sodium 3. a decrease in blood pressure 4. a decrease in sodium - ANSD. a decrease in sodium Which of the following is NOT considered an antimicrobial peptide as a chemical barrier in the first line of defense? A. Defensins B. Collectins C. Cathelicidins D. Kinin - ANSD. Kinin What is the role of the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the sodium and chloride balance? A. Regulates intracellular electrical neutrality in relation to Na+ and H+ B. Causes sodium and water excretion C. Control Na+ retention and thus volume/pressure in the vascular system D. Increases capillary permeability - ANSC. Control Na+ retention and thus volume/pressure in the vascular system How is fluid maintained in the body? a.) Kidneys filtering electrolytes and water from the blood. b.) The thirst mechanism that stimulate thirst in response to increase the blood volume concentration. c.) Movement of fluid from intravascular to interstitial fluid - ANSa-Kidneys filtering electrolytes and water from the blood What is the importance of having electrolytes? a.) Balance the body's acid/base pH levels b.) Move nutrients out of cells c.) Move waste out of cells d.) Make sure that nerves, the heart, and brain work correctly e.) A, C, and D f.) All the above - ANSA, C, D a.) Balance the body's acid/base pH levels c.) Mov