Natural History BIO 1902 Final Exam Updated Questions and Answers with Complete Solutions 2024

Owls Hearing Hunting - Most used tactic to hunt for this animal, hard feathers on face, used as dish to reflect sound to the ear openings, facial disks to capture sound. Owls are also very slow and silent flyers. Boreal Owl - Unequal placement on the ear openings, asymmetrical, oral crosshairs so they can figure out where sounds are coming front, wideness of head horizontal separation, asymmetry gives i vertical separation of sound, accurate pinpointing of sound Echolocation - The process of using reflected sound waves to find objects; used by animals such as bats. They can change the frequency of the sound so that they see better. This refines the features of what it is hunting for. Smell and Hunting - Olfactory sense, elongated snout, vomeronsal organ/jacobsons orggan, flemen Animal walks along the warm ground it leaves scent trail that is trapped near group due to warm ground and cold air. Snakes primarily use scent to hunt - snakes analyze scents with the Jacobson's organ. Jacobson's Organ - Sense organ on snake's roof of mouth which detects airborne chemicals, use their tongue to smell their prey, tongues are forked for direction Flemen - A kind of panting that better exposes the Jacobson's organ such in foxes Touch Tactile Sense - Sensation of something being in contact with the surface of the body Raccoons and Tactile Sense - Have front paws loaded with sensory cells, have tactile paws, whiskers or vibrissae Tactile Paws - Most of the brain is used to analyze the paws much greater than other sense Whiskers, Vibrissae - Tactile sense that gives the animal a picture of whats there. Otters have very touch-sensitive ________ for hunting. Rictal Bristles - modifided feathers like whiskers but on birds, whippoorwill bird Star Noses and Moles - Have amazing tactile sense as well as long fingers, Eimers organ and protuberances. they have incredible noses with tonnes of sensory cells this is where the eimers organ is located in the nose. Protuberances - Most of the brain is devoted to analyzing these senses, such as a nose on moles Herbst Corpuscles - Pressure-sensitive cells found the tip of the bill of sandpipers, ducks nails, and woodpeckers. Sensory cells to know whether or not they have food in their beak under the sand. Woodpeckers have __________ in the tips of their tongues to know when they have hit food in a tree. Thermal Detection - Sense of infared light, rattlesnakes have this, heat pit lies between eyes can tell a minimal difference of 0.001 Parasitoid - Eat animal from inside while still alive, kills animals it feeding from inside, wasps lay eggs in caterpillar grubs eat caterpillar and they hatch through its cacoon Parasites - Live inside an animal, ticks, live outside animal, do not kill host, ectoparasite, endoparaside Rattlesnakes and temp hunting - this animal has infrared heat sensors. The heat pit on _________ lies between the eyes and the nostrils and can detect changes as small as 0.001 degrees C. Active searching - (search and capture) Walking around until they pick up a trail of prey. Wolfs, wolf spiders, Tiger beetles. Wait and Ambush - Waiting for prey to come to them. Crab spider, praying mantis. Traps - Some animals use traps to catch prey. Spiders build strong webs (made of silk) to catch prey. But different spiders build webs for different reasons (or none at all) and not all are for hunting. Orb Weaver - Make sticky circular webs that intercept fight of their play, flight intercept trap, takes 20 minutes to build Sheet Web Spider (Bowl and Doily Spider) - Wall of webs, knockdown strains that are not silk and falls in the capture sheet that is sticky, a bow like web the spider will stay undernet, the spider will then kill prey Funnel Weavers - Build webs on ground, wait for vibrations from trapped pray Hygroscopic - Webs are this, attract dewdrops, attract moisture from air which makes it attractive to dewdrops so the webs dont dry up and become brittle, only during morning as during day it would be visible Spider Webs - Silk has a tensile strength half that of steel, eleastic property, webs can contain 6 or more types of silk, recycle silk from broken webs Argiope Spider - MAkes a web with zig zag patten called stabilmentum, so birds could see the web and not break them, also the stabilimentum os ultra violet, so insects are attracted to it Pitfall Traps - Small pits in the ground that small insects fall into, made by ant lion larvae Ant Lion Larve - Creat pitfall traps, their mandibles inject posiion, pulls under sand, throws up sand to get animal to fall down Aggressive Mimicry - A technique used by some animals to lure prey to them by mimicking something else, angler fish uses lure to eat animals attracted to it, alligator snapping turtles Osprey - HAve special curved talons for fish, on bottom of they feet have really rough skin to grav on slipper fish, scales on the underside, outer toe is reversible like owls so they can grab fish before they get away