BIOL 1902 Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers 2024

Photosynthesis - Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. Autotrophic - an organism capable of making their own food What are the 6 ingredients that most plants use to make food? - 1. nitrogen 2. phosphorus 3. calcium 4. water 5. sunlight 6. carbon dioxide Mycorrhizae - a fungus that grows in association with the roots of a plant in a symbiotic or mildly pathogenic relationship. They can increase nutrient uptake and prevent uptake of toxic compunds Endomycorrhizae - Mycorrhizae that grow inside the root of the plant. (ex. orchid, black spruce) Ectomycorrhizae - Mycorrhizae that grow around the root of the plant. Mycorrhizae associations in plant roots: - •Symbiotic relationship between fungus and roots of plant •More than 90% of plants have this relationship •Enhances water and minerals uptake in roots of plant •Relationships made possible plant transition to terrestrial environment What two types of plants do well in bogs? - Heath plants and alders How do Alders survive in bogs? - they have root nodules that fix nitrogen into usable nitrogen How do Heath plants survive bogs? - a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizae Carnivorous plants - Plants that get some or most of their nutrients from trapping and consuming animals. (ex. sundew, pitcher plants, bladderworts) How do Sundew get their nutrients? - they use adhesive traps to catch bugs, they then digest them using digestive enzymes How do pitcher-plants get their nutrients - they use pitfall traps where insects will be enticed through sugary surface, they then will slip down the plants cavity that looks like a vase due to downward pointing hairs. At the end of the pitfall is water, the insects drown and then are digested How do Bladderworts get their nutrients? - They use suction traps. The leaves have little hairs that will trigger plant to suck bug into the bladder trap (i.e. utricle) where they will be digested What are plant adaptations to gain nutrients in shaded environments? - - large, thin leaves that are parallel to the ground (ex, rounded-leaved orchids, hobblebush) - Chlorophyll B (ex. Hobblebush) - colonial growth (ex. bunchberry) - positive phototropism (ex. wild cucumbers) - blooming early (trillium) Colonial growth - a plant that grows a multitude of leaves in order to collect more sunlight (ex. bunchberry) Positive phototropism - growing towards sunlight (ex. wild cucumbers) thigmotropic - plants that are sensitive to touch spring ephemerals - plants that bloom in a short period in spring before tree leaves bloom thus limiting sunlight (ex. trillium) Mixotrophs - combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic - Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other organisms. Mycoheterotrophic - plants that use mycorrhizae (fungus) to collect all of their nutrition (ex. Coralroot, indian pipe) Holoparasites - lack chlorophyll and are totally dependent on the host plant for their water and nutrients