Comparative Animal Physiology Exam 1

Physiology is the study of __________ - answer-structure and function of life Why is the comparative approach used? - answer-- allows us to quantify the range of variable - allows us to recognize patterns and structure in outside world - makes study of physiology more manageable, dont have to study EVERY sp. a condition is...... - answer-a factor in the environment that has to be overcome/survived (temp, pH, light, etc.) a resource is..... - answer-a consumable entity (food, space, oxygen, etc.) What are the advantages of resource-condition concept? - answer-- easily organized - requires NO previous knowledge of physiology - concepts are single + dependent - we build multi. ideas/statics and integrate them What are disadvantages of resource-condition concept? - answer-- major feature is cond./res., not animal - over simplistic - focus is only on 1 thing at a time - concept is highly filtered What are Fry's famous factors? - answer-lethal factors, controlling factors, limiting factors, masking factors, directing factors What are the advantages of Fry's Paradigm? - answer-- central factor is animal - res./cond. doesnt matter - considers all variables simutaneously - can publish speculations what are the disadvantages of Fry's paradigm? - answer-requires an extensive knowledge of physiology lethal factors - answer-entities that destroy integration, cause animal to fall apart and die controlling factors - answer-directly affect at basic level, kinetic effects. set the rate/pace of metabolism + development limiting factors - answer-reduce active metabolism-performance. limits or restricts energy production, limits distribution, and temp regulating factors - answer-(masking factors) influences or changes another factor. Requires animal to regulate specific system that has been perturbed directing factors - answer-alters the physiological functions in time. attractants and avoidance. guide movement of organism what are 5 important cell membrane functions that make electrical events possible? - answer-1. NO membrane is completely impermeable 2. exocytosis 3. receptors on cell membranes 4. use membrane to communicate w/ other membranes endocytosis Ionic steady state - answer-although cells are in osmotic equilibrium w/ their environment, ion concentrations differ greatly between the cytosol and interstitial fluid osmotic equilibrium is when...? - answer-you have the same number of osmotic cells on either side of the membrane permeability (P) - answer-the rate at which a substance passively penetrates the membrane under a given set of conditions ____________ is the key factor in determining physiological exchange rates between the internal and external cell environment - answer-permeability what are the 5 chemical + physical factors affecting P? - answer-viscosity, membrane thickness, protein/water channels, size of molecule, charge on molecule electrical concentration of gradients - answer-effects of charged molecules electrochemical potential - answer-2 sources of energy, electrical concentration gradient and chemical concentration gradients Donnam Equilibrium - answer-ion distribution in the face of undiffusible or "fixed" ions ____ more K+ inside cell that outside - answer-20% inside of cell has a net ____ charge - answer-(-) cell membranes are impermeable to _________ - answer-Na, Cl, Ca all cells are __________ active - answer-electrically General Diffusion Equation A = - answer-area General Diffusion Equation D = - answer-diffusion coefficient General Diffusion Equation c = - answer-solute concentration General Diffusion Equation z = - answer-charge on the solute General Diffusion Equation cursive F = - answer-the Faraday General Diffusion Equation R = - answer-gas constant General Diffusion Equation T = - answer-absolute temperature General Diffusion Equation tritan symbol = - answer-electrical potential General Diffusion Equation x = - answer-distance General Diffusion Equation - = - answer-denotes direction Fick's law of Diffusion - answer-J = - AD(dc/dx) the Nernst equation shows....? - answer-how a diffusing ion is distributed across a membrane at equilibrium the permeability of ____ is low and has a minor effect on resting potential - answer-Na+ key concept of action potential - answer-membrane potential can be changed 125mV, merely by altering the relative permeability of sodium and potassium how is sodium permeability controlled? - answer-Na+/K+ pump and gated channels hodgkin's cycle - answer-makes the membrane permeable for a few seconds, start electrical current. (increase Na+) What are the important properties of action potential? - answer-absolute refractory period, relative refractory period, rectification, accommodation, adaptation, hyperpolarization primary epithelial receptors - answer-secondary response taste Hodgkin cycle has a ____________ response - answer-all or none neuroglia - answer-nervous tissue that is non-excitable. repair nerve cells what are the 5 types of neuroglia cells in vertebrates? - answer-epidermal cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, microglia cells epidermal cells - answer-produce cerebral spinal fluid which separated the nervous system from the general circulation (not found in lower animals) astrocytes - answer-provide support and nourishment for neural cells. HIGHLY specific Oligodendrocytes - answer-found only in CNS, wrap around axon for insulation, have a few branches (reach to multiple neurons) Schwann cells - answer-insulation around axon ______ is the active component of the neuron - answer-soma synaptic cleft sits between _________ - answer-2 neurons What are 4 transmittance substances? - answer-norepinephrine, epinephrine, acetylcholine, gamma-aminobuteric acid giant neurons - answer-inverts, always used for escape purpose only ephaptic transmission - answer--no neural transmitter substances necessary -much faster than regular synaptic junction -NO gaps -NO opportunity for rectification -tiny fraction of neurons 3 ways to speed up neural transmissions - answer--type of synaptic connections -diameter of neuron -modified axons with ligocytes Rate of conduction is defined by the neurons __________ - answer-cable properties What do vertebrates use to speed up neural connections? - answer-mauthner fibers myelinated neurons - answer-vertebrate solution for insulation myelinated sheath - answer-cell membrane of schwann cell that is wrapped around the axon many times What is the invertebrate solution to "myelinated" nerves? - answer-saltitory conduction (stored sodium layer) nervous system - answer-excitable nerve cell groups providing an interface between sensory & motor response function of nervous system: - answer-homeostatic control, process + integrate info, receive and induce transmission, control motor responses, sends signals back to stimulus what are the 3 parts to sensory motor control? - answer-neuron receptor-motor neuron-effector cell divergence - answer-signal is sent to many places convergences - answer-many neurons, coverage on one neuron feedback loop - answer-signal is renewed and propagated independent effector cells - answer-has receptor, motor, and effector in one single cell major advantages of independent effector cells - answer-electrical control without separate sensory system, no tissue required, specific, responses are immediate major disadvantages of independent effector cells - answer-only one response, ciliates radial symmetry prevents development of _____ - answer-central nervous system, have nerve net instead nodes of ranvier - answer--critical in how transmission works -only place where ions can move across membrane -nodes effect proceeding nodes nerve net -motor reflex response: - answer-swimming, tentacle movement, bioluminescence) semi-independent nerve net - answer-2 nerve nets! - fast specific nerve net - slow diffuse nerve net fast specific nerve net - answer--bipolar neurons w/ preferred direction of electrical propagation -fast! -associated w/ let propulsion(swimming)