Antidepressants and Side Effects Questions and Answers Already Passed

Antidepressants and Side Effects Questions and Answers Already Passed **What are the different types of antidepressants available?** Antidepressants are categorized into SSRIs, SNRIs, heterocyclics (including tri- and tetracyclics), MAOIs, and other miscellaneous types. **What symptoms might someone experience when discontinuing antidepressant medication?** Withdrawal symptoms can include dizziness, headaches, nausea, insomnia, and a general feeling of malaise. **How do SSRIs exert their effects in the brain?** SSRIs work by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin at presynaptic sites, thereby increasing serotonin availability and influencing synaptic plasticity. **What are some advantages of SSRIs?** SSRIs are known for their minimal side effects, which often resolve over time. They do not require dietary restrictions and have a low risk of overdose. **What are some common side effects associated with SSRIs?** Common side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, diarrhea), insomnia, and changes in appetite. They can also cause sexual dysfunction, restlessness, and in rare cases, serotonin syndrome or seizures. **Which SSRI has the longest duration of action?** Fluoxetine (Prozac) has the longest half-life among SSRIs and also has active metabolites, eliminating the need for a taper when discontinuing. It can interact with antipsychotics, potentially intensifying their effects. **What should one know about sertraline (Zoloft)?** Sertraline, sold under the brand name Zoloft, commonly causes gastrointestinal disturbances, insomnia, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction. It is notable for having few interactions with other medications. **Describe paroxetine (Paxil). What are its primary side effects?** Paroxetine is an SSRI known for its anticholinergic effects such as sedation and constipation, as well as weight gain and sexual dysfunction. It has a short half-life, which may lead to withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation. **What type of antidepressant is citalopram? What are its benefits and risks?** Citalopram is an SSRI that offers few interactions with other drugs but carries a risk of dose- dependent QTc prolongation, similar to its derivative escitalopram. **How long should one wait after stopping an MAOI before starting an SSRI to avoid serotonin syndrome?** A minimum of 2 weeks is recommended between stopping an MAOI and starting an SSRI to prevent serotonin syndrome. **What is venlafaxine (Effexor) used for?** Venlafaxine is classified as an SNRI and is prescribed for depression, anxiety disorders, and neuropathic pain. It is sold under the brand name Effexor. **What is a contraindication to using venlafaxine?** Venlafaxine should be avoided in individuals with labile blood pressure or hypertension, as high doses can elevate blood pressure. **Describe duloxetine (Cymbalta). What are its primary uses?** Duloxetine, marketed as Cymbalta, is an SNRI used to treat depression, neuropathic pain, and fibromyalgia. It can pose a risk of hepatotoxicity, especially in patients with a history of alcohol use or liver disease. **How does bupropion (Wellbutrin) work?** Bupropion, also known as Wellbutrin, acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. **What are some advantages and potential side effects of bupropion (Wellbutrin)?** Advantages of bupropion include the absence of sexual side effects typically associated with SSRIs, assistance in managing ADHD, and effectiveness in aiding smoking cessation. However, it can also increase anxiety and carry a risk of seizures and psychosis at higher doses. **What are the mechanisms of action for trazodone and nefazodone?** Both trazodone and nefazodone act as serotonin receptor antagonists at lower doses and agonists at higher doses. **For what conditions is trazodone commonly prescribed?** Trazodone is prescribed for major depression and insomnia, often alongside an SSRI to help manage sleep disturbances.