Advanced Pathophysiology Practice Questions / Cardio / Resp exam 2024

Which statement best differentiates cardiac afterload from cardiac preload? 1. Cardiac afterload is the volume of blood in the heart at the end of diastole. 2. Cardiac afterload is the amount of resistance that the ventricle must overcome. 3. Cardiac afterload is the factor that affects cardiac output. 4. Cardiac afterload is the amount of blood that enters the right atrium. - 2. Cardiac afterload is the amount of resistance that the ventricle must overcome. 1. Cardiac preload is referred to as the volume of blood in the heart at the end of diastole. 2. Cardiac afterload is referred to as the amount of resistance that the ventricle must overcome to pump blood out of the heart. 3. Cardiac preload factors affect cardiac output. They often occur before contraction. 4. Cardiac preload refers to the volume of blood that enters the right atrium from the venous system. pg 373 How is stage C heart failure different from other stages of heart failure, according to the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association classification? 1. Clients will have unidentifiable structural or functional heart abnormalities. 2. Clients may develop structural heart disease associated with heart failure. 3. Clients may have current or prior symptoms of heart failure. 4. Clients may have advanced structural heart disease. - 3. Clients may have current or prior symptoms of heart failure. 1. Clients who have no identifiable structural or functional abnormalities are classified under stage A heart failure. 2. Clients who have developed structural heart disease strongly associated with heart failure are classified under stage B heart failure. 3. Clients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure associated with underlying structural heart disease are classified under stage C heart failure. 4. Clients with advanced structural heart disease and marked symptoms of heart failure are classified under stage D heart failure. pg 395 Heart failure is classified into four different stages by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association. How is the condition of a client in stage B different from the condition of clients in other stages? 1. The client in stage B is supported by a mechanical circulatory assist device. 2. The client in stage B is undergoing treatment for prior symptoms of heart failure. 3. The client in stage B has a history of a previous myocardial infarction. 4. The client with diabetes mellitus has a family history of cardiomyopathy. - 3. The client in stage B has a history of a previous myocardial infarction. 1. A client diagnosed with heart failure that is supported by a mechanical circulatory assist device and a client who is frequently hospitalized for heart failure is categorized under stage D heart failure.