Nurs 5315 UTA Exam 1 Questions and Answers | Latest Update | 2024/2025 | Already Passed

Nurs 5315 UTA Exam 1 Questions and Answers | Latest Update | 2024/2025 | Already Passed **What happens to cells during atrophy, and what are its causes?** **Explanation**: Cells decrease in size. **Physiologic**: Thymus gland shrinking in early childhood. **Pathologic**: Muscle wasting due to disuse. **Process**: Still functional. **What occurs during hypertrophy, and what are its triggers?** **Explanation**: Cells increase in size. **Physiologic**: Muscle enlargement from weightlifting. **Pathologic**: Enlarged heart (cardiomegaly) due to hypertension. **Process**: Increased workload. **How does hyperplasia manifest, and what causes it?** **Explanation**: Increase in the number of cells. **Physiologic**: Liver regeneration after damage. **Pathologic**: Endometrial hyperplasia often related to hormonal imbalance. **Process**: Increased cellular division. **What is dysplasia, and what are its characteristics?** **Explanation**: Cells change in size, shape, and organization. **Physiologic**: Not applicable. **Pathologic**: Cervical dysplasia due to HPV infection. **Process**: Also known as atypical hyperplasia, indicating disorderly proliferation. **What happens during metaplasia, and what causes it?** **Explanation**: One cell type is replaced by another. **Physiologic**: Not applicable. **Pathologic**: Replacement of bronchial lining cells with stratified squamous cells due to cigarette smoke. **Process**: Reprogramming of stem cells, and it is reversible. **What are the effects of hypoxic injury?** **Explanation**: Inadequate oxygenation of tissues. **Process**: Decreased mitochondrial function and ATP production leads to increased anaerobic metabolism and eventual cell death. **Clinical Manifestations**: Symptoms include hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, and lethargy. **What are free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and what damage do they cause?** **Explanation**: Normal byproducts of ATP production that can overwhelm the mitochondria and exhaust intracellular antioxidants. **Process**: Cause lipid peroxidation, protein damage, and DNA fragmentation. **Clinical Manifestations**: Contribute to diseases like Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, and ALS. **What are the effects of ethanol on the body?** **Explanation**: A mood-altering drug with