NURS 5315 UTA Exam 2 Questions and Answers | Latest Update | 2024/2025 | Already Passed

NURS 5315 UTA Exam 2 Questions and Answers | Latest Update | 2024/2025 | Already Passed **What is the 3rd generation HIV EIA test, and what are its accuracy and requirements?** **The 3rd generation HIV EIA test can use samples of urine, saliva, or serum (serum being the most accurate). It requires a wait of 12 weeks post-exposure to detect antibodies and has an accuracy rate of over 99%.** **What distinguishes the 4th generation immunoassay as the "gold standard" for HIV testing?** **The 4th generation immunoassay is considered the "gold standard" because it measures the P24 antigen and can detect HIV as early as 10 days post-exposure.** **What are mast cells, and what role do they play in the inflammatory process?** **Mast cells are granule-containing cells found in loose connective tissue near blood vessels. They play a crucial role in initiating the inflammatory response upon activation.** **What effects does histamine have during inflammation?** **Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate, increases vascular permeability, and boosts blood flow to the injured area, resulting in redness and swelling.** **What are cytokines, and how do they function in the immune response?** **Cytokines are soluble proteins that help regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses by affecting neighboring cells. They can be either pro-inflammatory or anti- inflammatory and may act quickly or more slowly.** **What role do leukotrienes play in inflammation?** **Leukotrienes, released during mast cell degranulation, extend the inflammatory response by causing vasodilation and attracting neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils.** **What effects do prostaglandins have during inflammation?** **Prostaglandins, produced via the arachidonic acid pathway and released during mast cell degranulation, lead to vasodilation, platelet aggregation, pain, and fever.** **What are chemotactic factors, and what is their function in inflammation?** **Chemotactic factors are biochemical substances that attract leukocytes to the site of inflammation.** **What role do neutrophils play in acute inflammation?** **Neutrophils are the primary type of white blood cells active during the early stages of acute inflammation.** **How do monocytes function in the immune response, and what additional roles do they play?** **Monocytes transform into macrophages when they enter tissue. They present antigens to CD4 cells, triggering T-cell and B-cell immunity, and release cytokines such as IL1, IL6, and TNF.** **What is the function of the cytokine IL1?** **IL1 induces fever, activates phagocytes and lymphocytes, and stimulates the release of IL6.** **What is the role of the cytokine IL6?** **IL6 promotes the production of acute-phase