, NEW 14 Cambridge
R 20
IGCSE
FO ®
Biology
Third Edition
D G Mackean
Dave Hayward
9781444176469_IGCSE_Biology_FM.indd 1 8/18/14 9:38 PM
, Unless otherwise acknowledged, the questions and answers that appear in this book and CD were written by the author.
Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going to press, Hodder
Education cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book. It is sometimes possible to
find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in the URL window of your browser.
Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in
sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations
of the country of origin.
Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone: (44) 01235 827720.
Fax: (44) 01235 400454. Lines are open 9.00–5.00, Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service.
Visit our website at www.hoddereducation.com
® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations
© DG Mackean 2002 and Dave Hayward 2014
First published in 2002 by
Hodder Education
An Hachette UK Company
London NW1 3BH
Second edition published 2009
This third edition published 2014
Impression number 5 4 3 2 1
Year 2018 2017 2016 2015
All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held
within any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence
from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be
obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
The drawings are by DG Mackean, whose copyright they are unless otherwise stated, and whose permission should be
sought before they are reproduced or adapted in other publications.
Cover photo © mathisa – Fotolia
First edition layouts by Jenny Fleet
Original illustrations by DG Mackean, prepared and adapted by Wearset Ltd
Additional illustrations by Ethan Danielson, Richard Draper and Mike Humphries
Natural history artwork by Chris Etheridge
Full colour illustrations on pages 7–10 by Pamela Haddon
Third edition typeset in 11/13pt ITC Galliard Std by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd., Pondicherry, India
Printed and bound in Italy
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 1444 176 469
9781444176469_IGCSE_Biology_FM.indd 2 8/18/14 9:38 PM
, Contents
Acknowledgements vi
To the student viii
1 Characteristics and classification of living organisms 1
Characteristics of living organisms 1
Concept and use of a classification system 2
Features of organisms 6
Dichotomous keys 21
2 Organisation and maintenance of the organism 24
Cell structure and organisation 24
Levels of organisation 29
Size of specimens 33
3 Movement in and out of cells 36
Diffusion 36
Osmosis 40
Active transport 48
4 Biological molecules 51
Biological molecules 51
Proteins 53
Structure of DNA 54
Water 55
5 Enzymes 59
Enzyme action 59
6 Plant nutrition 66
Photosynthesis 66
Leaf structure 77
Mineral requirements 81
7 Human nutrition 86
Diet 86
Alimentary canal 95
Mechanical digestion 98
Chemical digestion 100
Absorption 103
8 Transport in plants 110
Transport in plants 110
Water uptake 114
Transpiration 116
Translocation 121
iii
9781444176469_IGCSE_Biology_FM.indd 3 8/18/14 9:38 PM
R 20
IGCSE
FO ®
Biology
Third Edition
D G Mackean
Dave Hayward
9781444176469_IGCSE_Biology_FM.indd 1 8/18/14 9:38 PM
, Unless otherwise acknowledged, the questions and answers that appear in this book and CD were written by the author.
Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going to press, Hodder
Education cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book. It is sometimes possible to
find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in the URL window of your browser.
Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in
sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations
of the country of origin.
Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone: (44) 01235 827720.
Fax: (44) 01235 400454. Lines are open 9.00–5.00, Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service.
Visit our website at www.hoddereducation.com
® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations
© DG Mackean 2002 and Dave Hayward 2014
First published in 2002 by
Hodder Education
An Hachette UK Company
London NW1 3BH
Second edition published 2009
This third edition published 2014
Impression number 5 4 3 2 1
Year 2018 2017 2016 2015
All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held
within any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence
from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be
obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
The drawings are by DG Mackean, whose copyright they are unless otherwise stated, and whose permission should be
sought before they are reproduced or adapted in other publications.
Cover photo © mathisa – Fotolia
First edition layouts by Jenny Fleet
Original illustrations by DG Mackean, prepared and adapted by Wearset Ltd
Additional illustrations by Ethan Danielson, Richard Draper and Mike Humphries
Natural history artwork by Chris Etheridge
Full colour illustrations on pages 7–10 by Pamela Haddon
Third edition typeset in 11/13pt ITC Galliard Std by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd., Pondicherry, India
Printed and bound in Italy
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 1444 176 469
9781444176469_IGCSE_Biology_FM.indd 2 8/18/14 9:38 PM
, Contents
Acknowledgements vi
To the student viii
1 Characteristics and classification of living organisms 1
Characteristics of living organisms 1
Concept and use of a classification system 2
Features of organisms 6
Dichotomous keys 21
2 Organisation and maintenance of the organism 24
Cell structure and organisation 24
Levels of organisation 29
Size of specimens 33
3 Movement in and out of cells 36
Diffusion 36
Osmosis 40
Active transport 48
4 Biological molecules 51
Biological molecules 51
Proteins 53
Structure of DNA 54
Water 55
5 Enzymes 59
Enzyme action 59
6 Plant nutrition 66
Photosynthesis 66
Leaf structure 77
Mineral requirements 81
7 Human nutrition 86
Diet 86
Alimentary canal 95
Mechanical digestion 98
Chemical digestion 100
Absorption 103
8 Transport in plants 110
Transport in plants 110
Water uptake 114
Transpiration 116
Translocation 121
iii
9781444176469_IGCSE_Biology_FM.indd 3 8/18/14 9:38 PM
