Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology
for Edexcel AS Biology
STUDENTS’ BOOK
A01_SNAB_SB_AS_6078_P01.indd i 14/4/08 11:02:35
, Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex
CM20 2JE
United Kingdom
and Associated Companies throughout the world
© University of York Science Education Group 2008
First published 2005
Published as trial edition 2002
This edition published 2008
ISBN 978-1-4058-9607-8
Copyright notice
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanic, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting
restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron
House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Applications for the copyright owner’s written
permission should be addressed to the publisher.
The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests.
SNAB project editor: Anne Scott
Edited by Kate Redmond
Designed and illustrated by Pantek Arts, Maidstone, Kent
Picture research by Charlotte Lipmann
Index by Laurence Errington
Printed and bound by Graficas Estella, Bilboa, Spain
A01_SNAB_SB_AS_6078_P01.indd ii 14/4/08 11:02:36
, Contents
Contributors iv
About the SNAB course v
How to use this book vi
Topic 1: Lifestyle, health and risk
1.1 What is cardiovascular disease? 6
1.2 Who is at risk of cardiovascular disease? 17
1.3 Risk factors for cardiovascular disease 21
1.4 Reducing the risks of cardiovascular disease 49
Topic 2: Genes and health
2.1 The effects of CF on the lungs 56
2.2 Why is CF mucus so sticky? 62
2.3 How does cystic fibrosis affect other body systems? 76
2.4 How is the CFTR protein made? 81
2.5 What goes wrong with DNA? 86
2.6 How is cystic fibrosis inherited? 90
2.7 How is cystic fibrosis treated? 93
2.8 Testing for CF 96
Topic 3: Voice of the genome
3.1 In the beginning 102
3.2 From one to many: the cell cycle 114
3.3 How development is controlled 125
3.4 Genes and environment 134
Topic 4: Biodiversity and natural resources
4.1 Why are there so many different species? 144
4.2 How did organisms become so well adapted? 151
4.3 Quantifying biodiversity 156
4.4 Making use of biodiversity 169
4.5 On the brink 192
Answers to in-text questions 202
Index 214
iii
A01_SNAB_SB_AS_6078_P01.indd iii 14/4/08 11:02:36
, Contributors
Many people from schools, colleges, universities, industries and the professions have contributed to the Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology project. They
include the following.
Central team
Angela Hall Nuffield Curriculum Centre
Michael Reiss Institute of Education, University of London
Anne Scott University of York Science Education Group
Sarah Codrington Nuffield Curriculum Centre
Authors
Angela Hall Nuffield Curriculum Centre Cathy Rowell Bootham School, York
Sue Howarth Tettenhall College Anne Scott University of York Science Education Group
Nick Owens Nicola Wilberforce Esher College
Michael Reiss Institute of Education, University of London
Acknowledgements
We would also like to thank the following for their advice and assistance.
Teachers, technicians and students at schools and colleges running the Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology course.
Steve Hall King Edward VI School, Southampton Professor Eve Roman University of York
Liz Hodgson Greenhead College Sandra Wilmott University of York Science Education Group
Professor Robin Millar University of York
Sponsors
We are grateful for sponsorship from The Salters’ Institute and the Nuffield Foundation who have continued to support the Salters-Nuffield Advanced
Biology project after its initial development and have enabled the production of these materials.
Authors of the previous editions
This revised edition of the Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology course materials draws heavily on the initial project development and the work of
previous authors.
Glen Balmer Watford Grammar School Laurie Haynes School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol
Susan Barker Institute of Education, University of Warwick Paul Heppleston
Martin Bridgeman Stratton Upper School, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire Liz Jackson King James’s School, Knaresborough
Alan Clamp Ealing Tutorial College Christine Knight
Mark Colyer Oxford College of Further Education Pauline Lowrie Sir John Deane’s College, Northwich
Jon Duveen City & Islington College, London Peter Lillford Department of Biology, University of York
Brian Ford The Sixth Form College, Colchester Jenny Owens Rye St Antony School, Headington, Oxford
Richard Fosbery The Skinners School, Tunbridge Wells Nick Owens Oundle School, Peterborough
Barbara Geatrell The Burgate School, Fordingbridge, Hants Jamie Shackleton Cambridge Regional College
Ginny Hales Cambridge Regional College David Slingsby Wakefield Girls High School
Steve Hall King Edward VI School, Southampton Mark Smith Leeds Grammar School
Gill Hickman Ringwood School Jane Wilson Coombe Dean School, Plymouth, Devon
Liz Hodgson Greenhead College, Huddersfield Mark Winterbottom King Edward VI School, Bury St Edmunds
Advisory Committee for the initial development
Professor R McNeill Alexander FRS University of Leeds
Dr Roger Barker University of Cambridge
Dr Allan Baxter GlaxoSmithKline
Professor Sir Tom Blundell FRS (Chair) University of Cambridge
Professor Kay Davies CBE FRS University of Oxford
Professor Sir John Krebs FRS Food Standards Agency
Professor John Lawton FRS Natural Environment Research Council
Professor Peter Lillford CBE University of York
Dr Roger Lock University of Birmingham
Professor Angela McFarlane University of Bristol
Dr Alan Munro University of Cambridge
Professor Lord Robert Winston Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine
Please cite this publication as: Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology AS Student book, Edexcel Pearson, London, 2008
iv
A01_SNAB_SB_AS_6078_P01.indd iv 14/4/08 11:02:36
for Edexcel AS Biology
STUDENTS’ BOOK
A01_SNAB_SB_AS_6078_P01.indd i 14/4/08 11:02:35
, Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex
CM20 2JE
United Kingdom
and Associated Companies throughout the world
© University of York Science Education Group 2008
First published 2005
Published as trial edition 2002
This edition published 2008
ISBN 978-1-4058-9607-8
Copyright notice
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanic, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting
restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron
House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Applications for the copyright owner’s written
permission should be addressed to the publisher.
The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests.
SNAB project editor: Anne Scott
Edited by Kate Redmond
Designed and illustrated by Pantek Arts, Maidstone, Kent
Picture research by Charlotte Lipmann
Index by Laurence Errington
Printed and bound by Graficas Estella, Bilboa, Spain
A01_SNAB_SB_AS_6078_P01.indd ii 14/4/08 11:02:36
, Contents
Contributors iv
About the SNAB course v
How to use this book vi
Topic 1: Lifestyle, health and risk
1.1 What is cardiovascular disease? 6
1.2 Who is at risk of cardiovascular disease? 17
1.3 Risk factors for cardiovascular disease 21
1.4 Reducing the risks of cardiovascular disease 49
Topic 2: Genes and health
2.1 The effects of CF on the lungs 56
2.2 Why is CF mucus so sticky? 62
2.3 How does cystic fibrosis affect other body systems? 76
2.4 How is the CFTR protein made? 81
2.5 What goes wrong with DNA? 86
2.6 How is cystic fibrosis inherited? 90
2.7 How is cystic fibrosis treated? 93
2.8 Testing for CF 96
Topic 3: Voice of the genome
3.1 In the beginning 102
3.2 From one to many: the cell cycle 114
3.3 How development is controlled 125
3.4 Genes and environment 134
Topic 4: Biodiversity and natural resources
4.1 Why are there so many different species? 144
4.2 How did organisms become so well adapted? 151
4.3 Quantifying biodiversity 156
4.4 Making use of biodiversity 169
4.5 On the brink 192
Answers to in-text questions 202
Index 214
iii
A01_SNAB_SB_AS_6078_P01.indd iii 14/4/08 11:02:36
, Contributors
Many people from schools, colleges, universities, industries and the professions have contributed to the Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology project. They
include the following.
Central team
Angela Hall Nuffield Curriculum Centre
Michael Reiss Institute of Education, University of London
Anne Scott University of York Science Education Group
Sarah Codrington Nuffield Curriculum Centre
Authors
Angela Hall Nuffield Curriculum Centre Cathy Rowell Bootham School, York
Sue Howarth Tettenhall College Anne Scott University of York Science Education Group
Nick Owens Nicola Wilberforce Esher College
Michael Reiss Institute of Education, University of London
Acknowledgements
We would also like to thank the following for their advice and assistance.
Teachers, technicians and students at schools and colleges running the Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology course.
Steve Hall King Edward VI School, Southampton Professor Eve Roman University of York
Liz Hodgson Greenhead College Sandra Wilmott University of York Science Education Group
Professor Robin Millar University of York
Sponsors
We are grateful for sponsorship from The Salters’ Institute and the Nuffield Foundation who have continued to support the Salters-Nuffield Advanced
Biology project after its initial development and have enabled the production of these materials.
Authors of the previous editions
This revised edition of the Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology course materials draws heavily on the initial project development and the work of
previous authors.
Glen Balmer Watford Grammar School Laurie Haynes School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol
Susan Barker Institute of Education, University of Warwick Paul Heppleston
Martin Bridgeman Stratton Upper School, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire Liz Jackson King James’s School, Knaresborough
Alan Clamp Ealing Tutorial College Christine Knight
Mark Colyer Oxford College of Further Education Pauline Lowrie Sir John Deane’s College, Northwich
Jon Duveen City & Islington College, London Peter Lillford Department of Biology, University of York
Brian Ford The Sixth Form College, Colchester Jenny Owens Rye St Antony School, Headington, Oxford
Richard Fosbery The Skinners School, Tunbridge Wells Nick Owens Oundle School, Peterborough
Barbara Geatrell The Burgate School, Fordingbridge, Hants Jamie Shackleton Cambridge Regional College
Ginny Hales Cambridge Regional College David Slingsby Wakefield Girls High School
Steve Hall King Edward VI School, Southampton Mark Smith Leeds Grammar School
Gill Hickman Ringwood School Jane Wilson Coombe Dean School, Plymouth, Devon
Liz Hodgson Greenhead College, Huddersfield Mark Winterbottom King Edward VI School, Bury St Edmunds
Advisory Committee for the initial development
Professor R McNeill Alexander FRS University of Leeds
Dr Roger Barker University of Cambridge
Dr Allan Baxter GlaxoSmithKline
Professor Sir Tom Blundell FRS (Chair) University of Cambridge
Professor Kay Davies CBE FRS University of Oxford
Professor Sir John Krebs FRS Food Standards Agency
Professor John Lawton FRS Natural Environment Research Council
Professor Peter Lillford CBE University of York
Dr Roger Lock University of Birmingham
Professor Angela McFarlane University of Bristol
Dr Alan Munro University of Cambridge
Professor Lord Robert Winston Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine
Please cite this publication as: Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology AS Student book, Edexcel Pearson, London, 2008
iv
A01_SNAB_SB_AS_6078_P01.indd iv 14/4/08 11:02:36
