AP Biology Semester 1 Review Study Guide

AP Biology Semester 1 Review Study Guide. Matter - answerany substance in the universe that has mass and occupies space atoms - answersmall particles that make up all matter electrons - answernegatively charged subatomic particles that are transferred and shared between atoms ion - answera charged particle acid - answerany substance that dissociates in water to increase the concentration of H+ ions; pH values of acids are from 1-7 base - answerany substance that combines with H+ ions when dissolved in water; pH values from 7-14 oxidation - answerthe loss of an electron reduction - answerthe gain of an electron molecules - answergroups of atoms held together by energy in a stable association chemical bond - answerjoins atoms in a molecule ionic bond - answerattraction between ions of opposite charge in an ionic compound covalent bond - answera stable chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons pH - answerindicates concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution (the more H+ ions a solution produces, the lower its pH; pH scale- less than 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, above 7 is basic) chemical reactions - answerformation and breaking of chemical bonds hydrogen bonds - answerthe weak bond bridging hydrogen atoms and atoms of the opposite charge adhesion - answerattraction of water molecules to other molecules cohesion - answerattraction of water molecules to water molecules reactants - answeroriginal molecules before the reaction starts products - answermolecules resulting from the chemical reaction hydrophobic - answerwhen nonpolar molecules do not form hydrogen bonds with water ("fearing water") hydrophilic - answerwhen polar molecules readily form hydrogen bonds with water ("water- loving") hydrocarbons - answerbiological molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen functional groups - answerspecific groups of atoms with definite chemical properties that they retain no matter where they occur dehydration synthesis - answercondensation reaction in which the -OH and H groups are removed during the synthesis of a new molecule- water is removed hydrolysis - answerprocess in which a hydrogen atom is attached to one subunit and a hydroxyl group to the other- water is added denaturation - answerprocess in which a protein's shape is changed due to a change in its environment- pH change, temperature, or ionic concentration of surrounding solution affect it Enzyme - answerBiological catalyst made of amino acids. Substrate - answerReactant an enzyme catalyzes Active Site - answerstructure on the enzyme Reactants - answerThe molecules needed for a chemical reaction to occur Products - answerMolecules that are made when a chemical reaction is over Activation Energy - answerThe amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur. Heat of Reaction - answerThe difference in energy between the reactants and products of a chemical reaction Exothermic - answera reaction that has a "-" heat of reaction b/c it releases more energy that it stores Endothermic - answera reaction that has a "+" heat of reaction and stores more energy than it releases. Catalyst - answerSpeeds up a chemical reaction Variables that effect enzyme reaction rate - answerTemperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration denature - answerenzyme becomes "inactive" due to changes in the active site structure enzyme specificity - answerenzyme only bonds to one substrate due to shape of active site