1. What is the primary electrolyte imbalance in tumor
lysis syndrome?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hypercalcemia
C. Hyperuricemia and hyperkalemia
D. Hyponatremia
Answer: C
Rationale: Tumor lysis syndrome involves release of
intracellular ions, causing hyperkalemia,
hyperuricemia, and hyperphosphatemia.
2. What is the most likely cause of acute tubular
necrosis (ATN)?
A. Autoimmune destruction of tubules
B. Prolonged hypotension or nephrotoxic drugs
C. Viral infection
D. Obstruction from kidney stones
Answer: B
,Rationale: ATN is commonly caused by ischemia or
nephrotoxins leading to tubular cell injury and
necrosis.
3. A patient with cirrhosis develops ascites due to:
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia
C. Increased glomerular filtration
D. Decreased antidiuretic hormone
Answer: B
Rationale: Cirrhosis leads to portal hypertension and
decreased oncotic pressure from low albumin,
causing fluid to accumulate in the peritoneal cavity.
4. Which of the following is a feature of iron
deficiency anemia?
A. Macrocytic RBCs
B. Normocytic RBCs
C. Microcytic, hypochromic RBCs
D. Spherocytes
Answer: C
,Rationale: Iron deficiency leads to smaller, paler red
blood cells.
5. Which condition involves a mutation in the HFE
gene?
A. Wilson’s disease
B. Hemochromatosis
C. Cystic fibrosis
D. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Answer: B
Rationale: Hemochromatosis is caused by HFE gene
mutations, leading to iron overload.
6. Which of the following is a characteristic feature
of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: B
, Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is marked by massive
proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
7. What is the most common initial symptom of
colorectal cancer?
A. Diarrhea
B. Hematemesis
C. Change in bowel habits or occult bleeding
D. Weight gain
Answer: C
Rationale: Colorectal cancer often presents
insidiously with altered bowel habits or blood in
stool.
8. What is the primary pathology in achalasia?
A. Hypertrophy of the gastric wall
B. Autoimmune damage to parietal cells
C. Loss of esophageal peristalsis and LES relaxation
D. Overproduction of gastric acid
Answer: C
lysis syndrome?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hypercalcemia
C. Hyperuricemia and hyperkalemia
D. Hyponatremia
Answer: C
Rationale: Tumor lysis syndrome involves release of
intracellular ions, causing hyperkalemia,
hyperuricemia, and hyperphosphatemia.
2. What is the most likely cause of acute tubular
necrosis (ATN)?
A. Autoimmune destruction of tubules
B. Prolonged hypotension or nephrotoxic drugs
C. Viral infection
D. Obstruction from kidney stones
Answer: B
,Rationale: ATN is commonly caused by ischemia or
nephrotoxins leading to tubular cell injury and
necrosis.
3. A patient with cirrhosis develops ascites due to:
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia
C. Increased glomerular filtration
D. Decreased antidiuretic hormone
Answer: B
Rationale: Cirrhosis leads to portal hypertension and
decreased oncotic pressure from low albumin,
causing fluid to accumulate in the peritoneal cavity.
4. Which of the following is a feature of iron
deficiency anemia?
A. Macrocytic RBCs
B. Normocytic RBCs
C. Microcytic, hypochromic RBCs
D. Spherocytes
Answer: C
,Rationale: Iron deficiency leads to smaller, paler red
blood cells.
5. Which condition involves a mutation in the HFE
gene?
A. Wilson’s disease
B. Hemochromatosis
C. Cystic fibrosis
D. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Answer: B
Rationale: Hemochromatosis is caused by HFE gene
mutations, leading to iron overload.
6. Which of the following is a characteristic feature
of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: B
, Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is marked by massive
proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
7. What is the most common initial symptom of
colorectal cancer?
A. Diarrhea
B. Hematemesis
C. Change in bowel habits or occult bleeding
D. Weight gain
Answer: C
Rationale: Colorectal cancer often presents
insidiously with altered bowel habits or blood in
stool.
8. What is the primary pathology in achalasia?
A. Hypertrophy of the gastric wall
B. Autoimmune damage to parietal cells
C. Loss of esophageal peristalsis and LES relaxation
D. Overproduction of gastric acid
Answer: C
