Web Accessibility Specialist (WAS) UPDATED Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers First thing screen readers hear: - Correct ANSWER - Page <title> (also this is good for SEO) Page <title> rules: - Correct ANSWER - Page <title> must be present and must contain text. Must be updated when the web address changes. Must be accurate and informative. If a page is the result of a user action or scripted change of context, the text of t he <title> SHOULD describe the result or change of context to the user. Should be concise. Should be unique if possible. Unique information should come first. The page <title> SHOULD match (or be very similar to) the top heading in the main content. The primary language of the page MUST be identified accurately on the <html> element. - Correct ANSWER - If the language is not specified, or if it the language designation is inaccurate, a screen reader will read the document in the user's default languag e, which may result in a very bad accent if the page language doesn't match the user's default. Or not understandable. The primary language of the page MUST be identified with a valid value on the <html> element. - Correct ANSWER - Using 2 letter language code or LCID string. Inline language changes MUST be identified with a valid lang attribute. - Correct ANSWER - Identify any changes of language within the document. The lang attribute can be applied to block level elements (<div>, <h1>, <p>, <table>, etc.) as well as inline e lements (<span>, <a>, <strong>, etc.). Example: <p>While in Spain, my friend tried to speak Spanish, but she wasn't very good. Everyone kept saying "<span lang="es">No comprendo nada de lo que dices.</span>"</p> Landmarks SHOULD be used to designate pre -defined parts of the layout (<header>, <nav>, <main>, <footer>, etc.). - Correct ANSWER - Use either HTML 5 landmarks or their ARIA equivalents to mark sections of the layout in the design, so that screen reader us ers can easily find their way around the layout. Landmarks are used to designate sections of the overall page design and layout. Headings are used to designate sections within the content. All text SHOULD be contained within a landmark region. - Correct ANSWER - Labels for headers, mains, sections, articles, asides, footers, etc. Using just <div> isn't enough. Multiple instances of the same type of landmark SHOULD be distinguishable by different discernible labels (aria -label or aria -labelledby). - Correct ANSWER - Example: <nav aria -
label="Corporate and legal info"> A page SHOULD NOT contain more than one instance of each of the following landmarks: banner, main, and contentinfo. - Correct ANSWER - The ARIA specification states that the landmarks role="banner", role="main", and role="contentinfo" are meant to be used only once per page. Other ARIA landmarks can be used multiple times. Interestingly, the HMTL 5 specification allows multiple instances of the equivalent landmarks: <header>, <main>, and <footer>. The official restriction is only on ARIA landmarks. Even so, it is appropriate in most web designs to have only one each of these landmarks, whether they are specified using ARIA or HTML 5. The total number of landmarks SHOULD be minimized to the extent appropriate for the content. - Correct ANSWER - One of the main purposes of landmarks is to allow blind users to quickly find and navigate to the appropriate landmark, so you should keep the t otal number of landmarks relatively low. If you don't, screen reader users will have to sort through too much extra information to find what they're looking for. Landmarks SHOULD be made backward compatible. - Correct ANSWER - Text that acts as a heading visually or structurally SHOULD be designated as a true heading in the markup. - Correct ANSWER - Headings are about logical structure, not visual effects. Big bold text may look like a heading to visual users, but screen reader s ignore the size and font -
weight of the text, so blind users cannot know a phrase is a heading unless it is marked up in the HTML code as such, using <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, or <h6>. Text that does not act as a heading visually or structurally SHOULD NOT be marked as a heading. - Correct ANSWER - If you want to create big, bold text for non -heading text, use styles to achieve that effect. If you use heading markup (<h1>, <h2>, etc.) fo r non -heading text, you will confuse screen reader users by creating an inaccurate structural outline of the page contents. Headings MUST be accurate and informative. - Correct ANSWER - Headings should be descriptive enough to give users a good sense of the content they will find within that section of the document. When screen reader users pull up the list of headings, they wi ll hear the level of the heading, plus the text within the heading, including alt text for any images inside the heading. Heading text SHOULD be concise and relatively brief. - Correct ANSWER - There is no technical limit on the length of a heading, but a heading should be a short label for the section of content below the heading, to make it easy for users to browse the head ings. Headings SHOULD convey a clear and accurate structural outline of the sections of content of a web page. - Correct ANSWER - lways think about the structure first, because screen readers and other assistive technologies pay attention to the structure, not t he look and feel. If the default size
label="Corporate and legal info"> A page SHOULD NOT contain more than one instance of each of the following landmarks: banner, main, and contentinfo. - Correct ANSWER - The ARIA specification states that the landmarks role="banner", role="main", and role="contentinfo" are meant to be used only once per page. Other ARIA landmarks can be used multiple times. Interestingly, the HMTL 5 specification allows multiple instances of the equivalent landmarks: <header>, <main>, and <footer>. The official restriction is only on ARIA landmarks. Even so, it is appropriate in most web designs to have only one each of these landmarks, whether they are specified using ARIA or HTML 5. The total number of landmarks SHOULD be minimized to the extent appropriate for the content. - Correct ANSWER - One of the main purposes of landmarks is to allow blind users to quickly find and navigate to the appropriate landmark, so you should keep the t otal number of landmarks relatively low. If you don't, screen reader users will have to sort through too much extra information to find what they're looking for. Landmarks SHOULD be made backward compatible. - Correct ANSWER - Text that acts as a heading visually or structurally SHOULD be designated as a true heading in the markup. - Correct ANSWER - Headings are about logical structure, not visual effects. Big bold text may look like a heading to visual users, but screen reader s ignore the size and font -
weight of the text, so blind users cannot know a phrase is a heading unless it is marked up in the HTML code as such, using <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, or <h6>. Text that does not act as a heading visually or structurally SHOULD NOT be marked as a heading. - Correct ANSWER - If you want to create big, bold text for non -heading text, use styles to achieve that effect. If you use heading markup (<h1>, <h2>, etc.) fo r non -heading text, you will confuse screen reader users by creating an inaccurate structural outline of the page contents. Headings MUST be accurate and informative. - Correct ANSWER - Headings should be descriptive enough to give users a good sense of the content they will find within that section of the document. When screen reader users pull up the list of headings, they wi ll hear the level of the heading, plus the text within the heading, including alt text for any images inside the heading. Heading text SHOULD be concise and relatively brief. - Correct ANSWER - There is no technical limit on the length of a heading, but a heading should be a short label for the section of content below the heading, to make it easy for users to browse the head ings. Headings SHOULD convey a clear and accurate structural outline of the sections of content of a web page. - Correct ANSWER - lways think about the structure first, because screen readers and other assistive technologies pay attention to the structure, not t he look and feel. If the default size
