MDC 3 Final Exam Study Guide

MDC 3 Final Exam Study Guide Cardiac Disorders Heart failure – 3 types  Left-sided heart failure – results from ineffective left ventricular contraction causing a backup of fluid into the lungs, which results in pulmonary congestion. o Symptoms  Chest discomfort  Dyspnea  Palpitations  Skipped heartbeats  Tachycardia  Weakness  Dizziness  Fatigue  Oliguria (Kidney failure)  Right-sided heart failure – results from the inability of the right ventricle to effectively contract to pump blood, causing a backup of fluid into the periphery. o Symptoms  Nausea  Anorexia  Leg edema  Ascites  Nocturia  Hepatomegaly  High-output failure – results from an increased metabolic state in which cardiac output remains normal or above normal. High-output failure is caused by increased metabolic needs or hyperkinetic conditions, such as septicemia, high fever, anemia, and hyperthyroidism.  Patient Education o Take medication as prescribed. Avoid NSAIDS o Stay active as tolerated o Weigh daily o Limit sodium to 2-3g per day. Limit fluid to 2 L per day  Diagnostics o ABG o Chest x-ray o EKG o Echocardiogram – best tool in diagnosing HF. Mitral stenosis Is the stiffening/narrowing of the valves preventing normal blood flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle. This can lead to left atrial dilation and pulmonary congestion.  Causes o Rheumatic fever o Congenital abnormalities  Symptoms o Dyspnea o Orthopnea (SOB lying down) o Nocturnal dyspnea o Hemoptysis o Dry cough o Pulmonary HTN o Hepatomegal