Psych/Soc MCAT Prep | 100% Correct | Verified | 2024 Version

Visual cues allows us to perceptually organize by taking into account the following cues: - - depth - form - motion - constancy Describe retinal disparity. - - Eyes are about 2.5 inches apart which allows humans to get slightly different views of objects of world around. - gives humans an idea on depth What is convergence? - - gives humans an idea of depth as well based on how much eyeballs are turned. gives humans a sense of depth When are the muscles of the eye relaxed and contracted? - - things far away: muscles of eyes relaxed - things close to us: muscles of eyes contract Describe binocular cues. - - humans have two eyes which allow them to receive visual cues from the environment - depthDescribe monocular cues. - - humans have visual cues that they receive which they do not need two eyes for What do monocular cues provide? - - give humans a sense of form of an object What senses of form do monocular cues provide? - - Relative size: the closer and object it is perceived as being bigger - Interposition (overlap): perception that one object is in front of another. an object that is in the front is closer - Relative height: things higher are perceived to be farther away than those that are lower - Shading & contour: using light and shadows to perceive form depth/contours - crater/mountain What type of cues allow us to sense motion? What type of sense exactly? - Monocular cues - Motion parallax: "relative motion" things farther away move slower, closer moves faster What type of cues allow us to sense constancy? - - monocular - out perception of object doesn't change even if the image cast on the retina is different. Different types of constancy include size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy Describe size constancy. - - one that appears larger because its closer, we still think it is the same size Describe shape constancy - - a changing shape still maintains the same shape perception - ex: a door opening means the shape is changing. but we still believe the door is a rectangleDescribe color constancy. - - despite changes in lighting which change the image color falling on our retina, we understand (perceive) that the object is the same color What is sensory adaptation? - Our senses are adaptable and they can change their sensitivity to stimuli What are the 5 types of sensory adaptation? - - hearing adaptation - touch - smell - proprioception - sight Describe hearing adaptation in regards to sensory adaptation. - - inner ear muscle: higher noise = muscle contract (this dampens vibrations in inner ear, protecting the ear drum). Takes a few seconds to kick in. So does not work for immediate noises like a gun shot, bit it works for being at a rock concert for an entire afternoon Describe touch in regards to sensory adaptation. - - temperature receptors desensitized over time Describe smell in regards to sensory adaptation - - desensitized receptors in your nose to molecule sensory information over time Describe proprioception in regards to sensory adaptation. - - the sense of the position of the body in space i.e. "sense of balance/where you are in space"- experiment: goggles that make everything upside down and the perception of the world, and eventually you would accommodate over time, and flip it back over Describe sight in regards to sensory adaptation - - down regulation or up regulation to light intensity - down regulation: light adaptation. when it is bright out, pupils constrict (less light enters back of eye), and the desensitization of rods and cones become desensitized to light - up regulation: dark regulation. pupils dilate-, rods and cones start synthesizing light sensitive molecules What is Weber's Law? - - the threshold at which you're able to notice a change in any sensation is the just noticeable difference (JND) - I=initial intensity of stimulus , change I= JND - change I/initial intensity = k (constant) - change I= IK What is the absolute threshold of sensation? - - the minimum intensity of stimulus needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time Are the absolute threshold of sensation and just noticeable difference the same? - No, JND is the smallest difference that can be detected 50% of the time What factors can influence absolute threshold? - - Expectations - ex: are you expecting a text - Experience - ex: are you familiar of the phones text vibration sound - Motivation - ex: are you interested in the response of the text- Alertness - are you awake or drowsy ex: you will notice the text if you are awake What are subliminal stimuli? - stimuli below the absolute threshold of sensation What are the three different types of information we gather about somatosenstation? - - Intensity - Timing - Touch What are the 4 types of somatosensation? - - Temperature (thermoception) - Pressure (mechanoception)