GCU Bio 202 Urinary study guide Questions And Answers Graded A+

1What is cystitis? Glomerulonephritis? - Answer-Bacteria first infect the urethra, then move to the bladder (cystitis) and finally to the kidneys (glomerulonephritis) Compare and contrast cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons - Answer-1. Cortical Nephron - 85% of all nephrons, located with in superficial cortex of kidney, nephron loop/ loop of henle is rel. short, efferent arteriole delivers blood to a network of peritubular capillaries 2. Juxtamedullary - 15%, nephron loops extend deep into medulla, peritubular capillaries connect to vasa recta parallel to the loop of henle Compare and contrast hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure. - Answer-1. Hydrostatic- Fluid pressure 2. Colloid osmotic- Pressure of materials in solution seperated by the capillary wall Compare and contrast the locations and control of the internal and external urethral sphincters. - Answer--smooth muscle fibers of sphincter, provides involuntary controlexternal- in both sexes a circular band of skeletal muscle where urethra passses through urogenital diaphragm and acts as a valve -under voluntary control via perineal branch of pudendal nerve- has resting muscle tone Compare and contrast the locations AND functions of the renal capsule, adipose capsule, and renal fascia. - Answer-Renal Fascia (most outer) Adipose Capsule (middle) Renal capsule (most inner) Define osmolarity and then describe osmolarity - Answer-osmolarity is the total number of solute particles per liter, and is directly related to colloid osmotic pressure (the ability of a solution to draw water towards it) -solvent and solute concentrations attempt to balance each other across a semipermeable membrane Describe the "drainage system" of the nephrons. - Answer-Each collecting duct (which recieves fluid from many nephrons): 1. Begins in cortex2. Descends into medulla 3. Carries fluid to papillary duct that drains into a minor calyx Describe the anatomy of the bladder wall, making sure to address the detrusor muscle and the significance of transitional epithelium. - Answer-detrusor muscle is involuntary and sits in the muscularis layer in the urinary bladder -hollow, muscular organ that functions as a reservoir for urine storage, a full bladder contains 1 L of urine 1. Mucosa-has rugae that disappears when bladder is full, transitional epithelium 2. Muscularis Layer- inner and outer layers of longitudinal smooth muscle with a circular layer in between 3. Trigone of urinary bladder- triangular area bounded by opening of ureters, entrance to urethra, acts as a funnel and channels urine from bladder to urethra