CISA EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY PASSED

CISA EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY PASSED A bridge operates at level 2 of the OSI layer and is used to connect two LANs using different protocols (e.g., joining an ethernet and token network) to form a logical network. Bridges reduce the amount of traffic on a LAN by dividing it into two segments. Bridges inspect incoming traffic and decide whether to forward or discard it. An Ethernet bridge, for example, inspects each incoming Ethernet frame - including the source and destination MAC addresses, and sometimes the frame size - in making individual forwarding decisions. A circuit-level gateway controls access by maintaining state information about established connections. When a permitted connection is established between two hosts a tunnel is created for the session, allowing packets to flow freely without the need for inspecting individual packets. Operates at the session layer of the OSI model. A digital certificate is an electronic "credit card" that establishes your credentials when doing business or other transactions on the Web. It is issued by a certification authority. It contains your name, a serial number, expiration dates, a copy of the certificate holder's public key (used for encrypting messages and digital signatures), and the digital signature of the certificate-issuing authority so that a recipient can verify that the certificate is real. A digital signature is an electronic signature that can be used to authenticate the identity of the sender of a message or the signer of a document, and possibly to ensure that the original content of the message or document that has been sent is unchanged. A digital certificate contains the digital signature of the certificate-issuing authority so that anyone can verify that the certificate is real. A dual homed gateway (or bastion host) is a system with two network interfaces that sits between an untrusted and trusted network. A bastion host is typically a hardened system with robust security measures. The dual homed gateway functions as a proxy server for the trusted network and may be configured to require user authentication. It masks the network structure, but may cause slower network performance than the screening router alone. A dual-homed firewall system is a more restrictive form of a screened-host firewall system, configuring one interface for information servers and another for private network host computers. A gateway which is a level 7 device, is used to connect a LAN to a WAN. A hub is a device that connects two segments of a single LAN. A hub is a repeater. It provides transparent connectivity to users on all segments of the same LAN. It is a level 1 device. A network switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one local area network (LAN). Technically, network switches operate at layer two (Data Link Layer - Layer 2) of the OSI model.