AQA A Level Psychology - Extra researchers Exam Questions & Answers 100% Correct

Turner (1991) - ANSWER -Introduced the concept of referent informational influence as an explanation for conformity, conforming to maintain the group norms that allow them to define themselves as a group member - TYPES OF CONFORMITY Eagly and Carli (1981) - ANSWER -Conducted a meta-analysis of 148 studies and found that women are more likely to conform than men in group pressure situations, suggestion that this is due to gender roles - ASCH Williams and Sogon (1984) - ANSWER -Found Japanese students in sports clubs would conform more if they cared about opinions of other group members, shows conformity is higher among friends - ASCH Bond and Smith (1996) - ANSWER -Conducted a meta-analysis of over 100 Asch type studies in 17 countries and assessed countries for degree of individualism/collectivism. Collectivist cultures tended to show higher levels of conformity - ASCH Blass (1999) - ANSWER -Conducted a statistical analysis of Milgram and other similar studies between 1961 and 1985 and found no relationship between year of publication and obedience, study has good temporal validity - MILGRAM Burger (2009) - ANSWER -Recent replication of Milgram's study that found similar levels of obedience - MILGRAM Lifton (1986) - ANSWER -Studied German Auschwitz doctors and found that there was a gradual and irreversible change from being ordinary doctors to people capable of vile/lethal experiments - AGENTIC SHIFT Middendorp and Meloen (1990) - ANSWER -Found that less educated people are more authoritarian, education could be 3rd variable - AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY Spector (1983) - ANSWER -Measured the LOC of 157 university students and found there was a significant correlation between LOC and predisposition to NSI (not ISI), therefore people with more need for acceptance are less able to resist SI - LOCUS OF CONTROL Xie et al (2011) - ANSWER -Using computer models of social networks found that just 10% committed opinion holders were needed to 'tip' majority into accepting the minority - MINORITY INFLUENCE Schultz et al (2007) - ANSWER -Found that campaign aiming to get heavy energy users to cut down on electricity use led to an increase in energy use amongst people who weren't using much in the first place! - SOCIAL CHANGE Most of Us (campaign) - ANSWER -Drink drive campaign in Montana with the message "4/5 of young adults don't drink and drive", led to reduction in drink driving by 13.7% - SOCIAL CHANGE Ost and Hugdahl (1981) - ANSWER -Conducted a review of phobia research, in one study 58% phobic patients attributed their phobia to conditioning experiences but in another, 15% couldn't recall a specific experience - EXPLANATION OF PHOBIAS Lazarus (1971) - ANSWER -Reported that 50% of patients with specific phobias have never encountered the stimulus - EXPLANATION OF PHOBIAS