Histotechnology exam fully solved & updated

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are two of the hormones secreted by the - ANSWER-Pituitary The primary antibody must be diluted 1:100 for an immunohistochemical procedure. How many micro liters of the primary antibody would be required to prepare a total volume of 2mL? - ANSWER-240 How many grams of NaOH (MW=40) are required to prepare a liter of 1N NaOH? - ANSWER-40 A one normal solution is equivalent to: - ANSWER-1 gram-equivalent weight of solute per 1L of solution (g/L) The number of hours used to calculate the annual salary of a full-time employee is: - ANSWER-2080 Plastic resins require more specialized handling techniques than waxes because resins: - ANSWER-May cause dermatitis Sections of epoxy-embedded kidney contain vertical streaks through the entire section. This most likely was caused by: - ANSWER-Imperfections in the knife edge The solution used in the knife trough when sectioning epoxy resins is usually: - ANSWER-Water The microtome used for EM is called a(n): - ANSWER-Ultramicrotome High resolution light microscopy is needed on a lymph node biopsy. To achieve the best results, the specimen should be processed for embedding in: - ANSWER-Glycol methacylate Consider the viscosity (in centipoises) at 20 degrees of various solutions given below. Which of the solutions would dehydrate the fastest? - ANSWER-Acetone (0.3) The penetration of any solution into the tissue is increased as which of the following is increased? - ANSWER-Temperature When placed in a solution whose refractive index is similar to the refractive index of tissue proteins, tissue becomes: - ANSWER-Translucent Which of the following groups of chemical families are commonly used as clearing agents: - ANSWER-Aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, terpenes A technologist in the EM lab has developed dermatitis. This problem can most likely be prevented in the future by ensuring that: - ANSWER-Protective gear is worn during processing. In immuno-EM (IEM), a fixative other than osmium tetroxide is used because osmium would: - ANSWER-Destroy the antigenicity of the sample Poor fixation of EM specimens will be indicated by the appearance of: - ANSWER-Displaced mitochondrial membranes To ensure adequate fixation, a colon polyp measuring approximately 2X2X3cm should be placed in, at the minimum, what volume of fixative? - ANSWER-240mL Zenker fixation is critical for a nonimmunohistochemical special stain used in the diagnosis of which of the following tumors? - ANSWER-Rhabdomyosarcoma A microwave oven can be used for fixation because it: - ANSWER-Induces physical fixation For which of the following techniques are frozen sections of fixed tissue preferred? - ANSWER-Fat stains of liver Which of the following fixatives is stable at room temp? - ANSWER-Zamboni PAF Acetone can be used to fix tissue for the demonstration of: - ANSWER-Cell surface antigens Prior to processing, tissue fixed in glutaraldehyde for EM should be - ANSWER-Post-fixed in osmium tetroxide solution The paraformaldehyde in Kano sky paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde must be heated to 60 degrees prior to adding 1M NaOH in order to - ANSWER-Dissociate the paraformaldehyde Microscopic examination of a Carnoy-fixed control section of kidney known to contain amyloid fails to show green birefringence following Congo red staining. This finding is: - ANSWER-Indicative of a staining problem. Nissl substance can be demonstrated by staining parallel sections before and after extraction with: - ANSWER-Ribonuclease An antibody's ability to recognize and bind with a specific protein antigen is due to its: - ANSWER-Amino acid sequences When compared to the light source in a standard light microscope, the electron microscope equivalent would be a(n): - ANSWER-Electron beam Grids used to support epoxy embedded sections for EM are usually made from: - ANSWER-Copper Resin sections are remaining compressed when floated on the water in the trough of the diamond knife. To aid in expanding the sections, a strip of paper dipped in which to be waived over the section? - ANSWER-Chloroform Tissues to be sectioned with a cryostat may be somewhat protected from ice crystal artifact by: - ANSWER-Infiltrating with 30% sucrose before freezing Which of the following described the two principle defense mechanisms of the body's immune system? - ANSWER-Humoral and cell-mediated The refractive index of the resinous mountant used for stained sections should be approximately: - ANSWER-1.53 to 1.54 Beta cells of pancreatic islets and of the pituitary gland stain deep purple with which procedure? - ANSWER-Aldehyde fuchsin The proteins that form the thick and thin filaments of skeletal muscle fibers are: - ANSWER-Actin and myosin The primary function of auxochrome in artificial dyes is to: - ANSWER-Give the dye affinity for the tissue Small eosinophilia inclusions found in the cytoplasm of neurons in patients infected with the rabies virus are called: - ANSWER-Negri bodies Myelin contains protein, cholesterol, cerebrosides, and: - ANSWER-Phospholipids A pathologist might choose an ATPase method to demonstrate enzyme activity in: - ANSWER-Muscle fibers A pathological condition characterized by abnormal deposits of iron in the liver is called: - ANSWER-Hemochromatosis A cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis would involve the removal of a: - ANSWER-Gall bladder The overtime budget for the lab is $38,773, but $50,419 has already been spent.. What percent over budget does this represent? - ANSWER-33% Diamond knives are used in ultramicrotomy because steel knives: - ANSWER-Are quickly dulled The shape of the face of a trimmed resin block should be a: - ANSWER-Trapezoid "Thick" sections for EM, or sections to be viewed with the light microscope, are cut at: - ANSWER-0.5-1.0 micrometers The ultra thin resin sections best suited for EM appear as what color when viewed with fluorescent light through the binocular microscope? - ANSWER-Silver Passing a gloved finger over the surface of frozen tissue to raise its temperature is contraindicated for tissues being sectioned for the demonstration of: - ANSWER-Enzymes Carbowax is soluble in: - ANSWER-Water Paraffin infiltration at 70 degrees would: - ANSWER-Denature tissue antigens Consider the viscosity (in centipoises) at 20 degrees of various solutions given below. Which of the solutions would clear most quickly? - ANSWER-Toluene (0.59) Xylene, toluene, and benzene belong to what chemical class? - ANSWER-Hydrocarbon A oil red O stain has been requested on a friable specimen that must be embedded for sectioning. The embedding medium that should be used is: - ANSWER-Water soluble wax Carbowax has a major disadvantage of: - ANSWER-Dissolving during flotation "Thin" sections for EM are stained with: - ANSWER-Uranyl acetate and lead citrate Which of the following fungi may appear as a mixture of budding yeast cells and pseudohypha elements in infected tissue? - ANSWER-Candida Melanins are insoluble in water, alcohol, dilute acids, alkaline, and - ANSWER-Acetone Type I muscle fibers demonstrate more positive staining results than Type II fibers in oxidative histo chemical procedures such as: - ANSWER-NADH diaphorase The most common of the pituitary tumors are: - ANSWER-Adenomas The areas of the brain that usually contains neuromelanin is the - ANSWER-Substantia Nigra Tumors derived from Argentaffin cells are called: - ANSWER-Apudomas In the Feulgen procedure, the splitting of purines and pyrimidines from the sugar-phosphate groupings of DNA is called: - ANSWER-Hydrolysis Malignant tumors of connective tissue are known as: - ANSWER-Sarcomas A "Maltese cross" configuration is produced in tissue sections by polarization of - ANSWER-Talcum powder If you purchased an unlabeled monoclonal antibody to a specific antigen, the second antibody applied most commonly is - ANSWER-Rabbit anti-mouse Mycotic diseases that go beyond superficial or cutaneous involvement to affect vital organs and cause extensive disease and even death are referred to as - ANSWER-Systemic Which of the following procedures is the most specific for the identification of melanomas in paraffin sections? - ANSWER-Immunohistochemistry for HMB-45 A pigment occurring in Plasmodium parasites that is closely related to formalin pigment as - ANSWER-Malarial A procedure for demonstrating cytoplasmic secretory granules of the juxtaglomerular complex isq - ANSWER-Bowie The most common auxochrome group encountered in dye chemistry is the - ANSWER-amino group (-NH2) Pure methyl green used at a slightly acid pH is considered a specific stain for - ANSWER-DNA Light chain monoclonality is one of the features of - ANSWER-B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma In immunostaining, efficiency of the chromogen substrate reaction step can be evaluated by increasing the - ANSWER-Time in the substrate-chromogen Michel medium is - ANSWER-Used for transporting unfixed tissue Smudgey nuclei and variations in staining are noted on routinely processed, formalin-fixed colon biopsy specimens. One cause of these problems could be - ANSWER-Incomplete dehyration Formaldehyde reacts primarily with which of the following protein groups? - ANSWER-NH2 Microscopic examination of a PAS stained section reveals marked nonspecific staining. This could be caused by fixation in - ANSWER-Glutaraldehyde solution When osmium tetroxide is used on a kidney biopsy for ultrastructural studies, the time of fixation - ANSWER-One hour or less Formalin pigment may be removed from microscopic sections by treating them with - ANSWER-Potassium hydroxide in 80% alcohol I stained slides form B-5 fixed tissue should be treated with which of the following before staining? - ANSWER-Iodine The instrumentation QC manual states that floatation baths must be emptied and thoroughly cleaned on Fridays. The bath may be refilled and additional adhesive may be added as needed during the week. This procedure: - ANSWER-May lead to bacterial contamination of microscopic sections A surgical specimen from a patient which may have metastatic malignant melanoma. Choice of fixative should be compatible with: - ANSWER-IHC In EM, the electron beam is focused onto a specific specimen plane by varying the: - ANSWER-Strength of the electromagnetic fields Tissue is submitted which needs to have cell membrane studies. The method of choice utilizes the following microscopes: - ANSWER-EM Given the following values: 120, 100, 150, 140, 130. What is the mean? - ANSWER-128 The proper microscope for examining tissue stained with thioflavin T is the: - ANSWER-Fluorescence Which of the following is the formula for calculating the gram-equivalent weight of a chemical? - ANSWER-MW/oxidation number Of the following, the best stain for loss of muscle striations caused by dystrophic change is the: - ANSWER-Mallory PTAH In paraffin sections, hep B surface antigen may be demonstrated with: - ANSWER-Orcein and aldehyde fuchsin methods A leiomyoma is a benign tumor commonly found in the: - ANSWER-Uterus HMB-45 is associated with the demonstration of: - ANSWER-Melanin Silver nitrate is not available to perform the requested basement membrane stain. Another method which can be used is: - ANSWER-PAS Chromaffin cell tumors of the adrenal gland are known as: - ANSWER-Pheochromocytomas PAS will stain Coccidioides immitis because the organisms: - ANSWER-Reduce Schiff reagent A liver biopsy from a patient with suspected Wilson disease shows cirrhosis. This diagnosis confirmed with rubeanic acid shows the presence of: - ANSWER-Copper Ground glass granules found in liver hepatocytes infected with the Hep B virus may be demonstrated with - ANSWER-Aldehyde fuchsin Demonstrating collagen fibers with acid aniline dye-picric acid mixtures requires that the solution be - ANSWER-Acidic In a suspected case of Alzheimer's disease, a staining method that may help confirm the diagnosis is - ANSWER-Bielschowsky "Mycoses" is the term used to describe caused by - ANSWER-Fungi Chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland are located in the - ANSWER-Medulla Microscopic evaluation of a section of brain stained with the Holzer technique should show - ANSWER-Blue to purple glial fibers Pneumocystis carini best demonstrated by - ANSWER-Methanamine silver Rickettsias are related to which of the following classifications of microorganisms - ANSWER-Bacteria The amorphous transparent gel-like material that forms the bulk of extra-cellular content in connective tissue is know as - ANSWER-Ground substance Which of the following cells is responsible for immunoglobulin production - ANSWER-Plasma An organism classified with bacteria, possessing both DNA and RNA, and resembling rickettsias in size and staining characteristic is - ANSWER-Chlamydia sp. Which of the following is a malignant neoplasm of connective tissue origin? - ANSWER-Chondrosarcoma A protozoan that causes neurological disease in patients with AIDS is - ANSWER-Toxoplasma gondii In the acid phosphatase technique, the reaction product is formed by the coupling of a diazonium salt and a(n) - ANSWER-Naphthol group In an immunoperoxidase procedure, the primary antibody used is a mouse monoclonal anti-Leu-4. Which secondary antibody would be appropriate? - ANSWER-Goat anti-mouse Hormone-secreting tumors of the pituitary gland are best identified by staining with - ANSWER-PAS-orange G In the coupling method for alkaline phosphatase, the naphthol must be coupled with which of the following? - ANSWER-Diazonium The auxochrome is the group present in dyes that - ANSWER-Is responsible for forming ionic bonds Acid phosphatase falls in the basic enzyme reaction classification of - ANSWER-Hydrolases The activity of succinct dehydrogenase will be destroyed - ANSWER-By fixation Structures that sped up the rate of enzyme reactions are known as - ANSWER-Cofactors Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions in biological systems are - ANSWER-Proteins Mucicarmine-positive material is noted in the cytoplasm of poorly differentiated malignant cells. This is indicative of an - ANSWER-Adenocarcinoma A fungus that can be demonstrated with various stains for acidic muffins is - ANSWER-Cryptococcus neoformans Which of the following procedures will demo Borrelia burgdorferi? - ANSWER-Steiner The method of choice for demonstrating calcium oxalate is the - ANSWER-Von Kossa The neurotic plaques of Alzheimer's disease can be demonstrated with the antibody that is specific for - ANSWER-B-amyloid A pigment that may be present in the portal area of the liver in association with primary biliary cirrhosis is - ANSWER-Copper The neurotic plaques of Alzheimer's disease consist of abnormal cell processes often in close proximity to deposits of - ANSWER-Amyloid The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is based on the presence of neuro-fibrillation tangles and neurotic plaques in the - ANSWER-Cortex A disorder involving excell iron deposition in tissues, with resultant tissue damage, is known as - ANSWER-Hemachromatosis Although hematoxylin solutions generally require a mordant, they may be used without a mordant to demonstrate - ANSWER-Copper The naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase technique is useful in identifying which of the following cells? - ANSWER-Neutrophils Specific stains for prostate cancer are prostate specific antigen and - ANSWER-Acid phosphatase The staining of fat by Sudan black B is due to the - ANSWER-Solubility of dye in fat A trainee about to perform a Feulgen reaction reports that no Feulgen reagent can be found. The trainee should be told to look instead for which of the following reagents? - ANSWER-Schiff Pyroninophilia indicates the presence of - ANSWER-RNA The color index printed on the label of a stain bottle refers to the - ANSWER-Standard identification number In a Verhoeff-van Gieson stain, the adventitia of large arteries stains similar to - ANSWER-Collagen A staining reaction that depends on ionization of both the dye and the material on which the dye is ppt is termed - ANSWER-Adsorption The hematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid method is a technique sometimes used to demonstrate early charges of ischemia in - ANSWER-Cardiac muscle Which of the following will stain Paneth cells? - ANSWER-Orange G In a paraffin section, toxoplasmosis is characterized by intact cysts and/or pseudocysts containing parasites that are usually demonstrated with which procedure? - ANSWER-Hematoxylin and Eosin The Weil stain will demonstrate which structure of an eye? - ANSWER-Optic nerve In the PAS reaction, development of the final colored product is achieved by - ANSWER-Restoration of Quinoid chromophoric group A monoclonal antibody that has good specificity for demonstrating amelanotic melanomas is - ANSWER-HMB-45 Use of heat and prolonged staining with Ziel-Nielsen carbon fuchsin may be used to demonstrate the acid-fast characteristics of certain - ANSWER-Lipofuscins Which of the following methods should be used for the demonstration of rickettsias? - ANSWER-Giemsa A procedure that demonstrates some carcinoid tumors as well as alpha cells of the pancreas is the - ANSWER-Grimelius Luxol fast blue dye has a structural formula closely related to that of - ANSWER-Alcian blue 8GX An H & E stained section is microscopically evaluated for quality. Which of the following is sufficient criterion for rejection of the slides? - ANSWER-Pale pink to gray collagen A check of a known positive control section from a Grocott procedure reveals the absence of stained organisms - ANSWER-Aldehyde groups are formed before impregnation A rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of - ANSWER-Skeletal muscle Antibody molecules can belong to one of 5 Is classes. The antibody class most frequently used in immunofluorescent and immunoenzyme staining is - ANSWER-IgG In lung tissue, coated asbestos fibers can be made more visible by staining with - ANSWER-Prussian blue reaction If the mucous capsule is intact, which of the following fungi can be differentially stained by Mayer Mucicarmine? - ANSWER-Cryptococcus neoformans Melanosis coli is a condition characterized by abnormal deposits of pigment that will give a positive reaction in which of the folllowing procedures - ANSWER-Schmorl The combined Gomori methods for demonstrating pancreatic alpha and beta cells involves the use of - ANSWER-Aldehyde fuchsin-phloxine B Diseases such as malaria & leischmaniasis are caused by which of the following microorganisms? - ANSWER-Protozoa Schmorl technique depends upon - ANSWER-Ferric iron reduction L. Monocytogenes, the cause of a rare form of meningitis, can best be demonstrated in a paraffin section with which of the following staining procedures? - ANSWER-Gram A tumor that is thought to be associated with asbestos exposure is - ANSWER-Mesothelioma In immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed tissue, heat induced epitope retrieval - ANSWER-Enhances primary staining A section stained with Fouchet reagent shows discrete emerald green globules. This indicates the presence of - ANSWER-Bilirubin Which of the following cells are found predominantly in gray matter of the brain and spinal cord? - ANSWER-Astrocytes Compounds that fluoresce naturally without the use of fluorochrome dyes are said to have - ANSWER-Autofluorescence A "hybridoma" is formed when an Ig-producing spleen cell is fused with a non-Ig-producing - ANSWER-Myeloma cell Two highly developed physiological properties displayed by neurons are - ANSWER-Irritability and conductivity The point of contact between and axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron is called a - ANSWER-Synapse A malignant neoplasm of connective tissue origin is classified as a(n) - ANSWER-Sarcoma Astrocytes can be demonstrated by using the antibody that is specific for - ANSWER-GFAP An orthochromatic dye stains tissue - ANSWER-The color of the dye itself The most useful method by which dyes can be checked for impurities and the presence of other dyes is known as - ANSWER-Chromatography Substance which are recognized as foreign by the immune system are called - ANSWER-Antigens The type of staining in which tissue soaks up dye and is completely penetrated by - ANSWER-Absorption The reddish tint sometimes seen in old aluminum hematoxylin solutions is generally caused by the - ANSWER-Formation of sulfuric acid from the mordant salt Fixatives producing covalent bonding that tends to mask antigenic sites and hamper immunochemical localization of antigens contain - ANSWER-Aldehyde Which of the following procedures can be used to stain Giardia lamblia - ANSWER-Giemsa Microscopic examination shows no pink staining on an H&E stained section. To isolate the. Problem , the first step is to - ANSWER-Check the pH of the Eosin A rhabdomyosarcoma is suspected in a biopsy submitted to the lab. To aid in making a definitive diagnosis, a helpful stain would be - ANSWER-Phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin The specific substrate of horseradish peroxidase is - ANSWER-Hydrogen peroxide Granuloma inguinale, a venereal disease, can generally be diagnosed by using which of the following procedures? - ANSWER-Steiner Another name for indirect immunofluorescent staining wherein a two stage method is applied for identifying specific antibody producing plasma cells within tissue is - ANSWER-Sandwich When helly fluid has been used as a fixative, it is necessary to remove - ANSWER-Mercury crystals A gouty tophus is seen in a fresh tissue specimen. The ideal fixative for the crystals which may be occurring with this condition is - ANSWER-Absolute alcohol An aqueous fixative must be chosen for sections that require - ANSWER-The preservation of lipids Tissue fixed in osmium tetroxide must be - ANSWER-Cut very thin for fixation The difference between orth and helly solutions is that only helly contains - ANSWER-Mercuric chloride A characteristic of acetone fixation is that - ANSWER-The tissues are overhardened Helly fixative prepared 3 weeks ago is now discolored and turbid. The most likely reason for this is - ANSWER-The premature addition of formaldehyde A small biopsy is submitted with a request for "stat" acid-fast and fungus stains. This tissue should be fixed in - ANSWER-Buffered formalin One of the functions of fixation is to - ANSWER-Inhibit autolytic enzymes The routine staining procedures for liver biopsies include duplicate H&E, PAS with/without diastase, trichrome, retic, and iron stains. Which stained section would be best to destabilize and then stain for PAS without diastase? - ANSWER-H&E In slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin, the sections appear very pink w/pale reddish brown nuclei, of the following, the most appropriate action is to: - ANSWER-Replace the hematoxylin with fresh solution Which of the following chemicals is used as both a mordant and a differentiator in the Heidenhain hematoxylin procedure for demonstrating amoeba? - ANSWER-Ferric ammonium sulfate The lab has used all of the supply of aluminum hematoxylin solution. In order to prepare a new solution for immediate use, the solution must be - ANSWER-Chemically oxidized Microscopic sections stained with H&E show a lack of nuclear staining even though the hematoxylin is well-ripened and all other solutions are fresh. Which of the following could explain the poor results? - ANSWER-Prolonged storage of wet tissue in unbuffered formalin Microscopic examination of an H & E stained section shows a pink artifact surrounding the tissue and in tissue spaces. The most probable cause of this artifact is: - ANSWER-Surplus adhesive on the slide Following hematoxylin and eosin staining, the slides are dehydrated through ascending strength of alcohol and cleared in xylene; however, the first xylene in the series is milky-white. The most appropriate action is to - ANSWER-Change alcohols and xylenes at the end of the series Microscopic examination of a bone marrow aspirate smear stained with Giemsa shows blue-gray erythrocytes and blue leukocytes. The most likely explanation for this result is that the - ANSWER-Staining solution is too alkaline Following staining with a solution prepared from a new bottle of eosin dye powder, the color results are not the same as those obtained with the previously used eosin dye powder. The best course of action is to: - ANSWER-Determine whether both dyes have the same dye control What is the molarity of a solution that contains 18.7g of KCl (MW=74.5) in 500mL of water? M = # mols of solute/#L - ANSWER-18.7g KCl/500mL H2O X 1000mL/L X 1 mol KCl/74.5g KCl = 18700 mol/37250 L = 0.5mol/L The terminology used to define the statistical average value is - ANSWER-Mean The middle value of a data set is statistically known as the - ANSWER-Median 100mL of 0.2N KCl (74.55=MW) contains how many grams of KCl? - ANSWER-0.2mol KCL/L X L/1000 Xd 100mL X 74.55gKCl/mol KCl = 1.49g KCl What is the formula for calculating the molarity of a solution? - ANSWER-M = number of moles of solute / liter of solution What is the normality of a solution which contains 280g of NaOH (MW=40) in 2000mL? - ANSWER-280g NaOH/2000mL X 1000mL/1L X 1mol NaOH/40g NaOH = 3.5mol/L = 3.5M Glass knives are being made for cutting ultra thin sections. The time limit for obtaining good sections require that these knives should be used within the same - ANSWER-Day During the sectioning of plastic blocks with an ultramicrotome, no sections are visible in the trough. The problem is most likely caused by - ANSWER-An incorrect water level "Thin" sections for viewing with the electron microscope are cut at - ANSWER-60-70nm The type of knife most frequently used to cut ultra thin sections for EM is - ANSWER-Diamond During the sectioning of plastic blocks with an ultramicrotome, alternating, thick and thin sections are obtained. The problem is most likely caused by - ANSWER-A loose knife Glass knives suitable for cutting plastic blocks of medium hardness will have a cutting edge angle of - ANSWER-45 degrees If the lab ran out of ethanol, which of the following dehydrants might be available and suitable for emergency use? - ANSWER-Isopropanol Araldite functions as an - ANSWER-Infiltrating medium Consider the viscosity(in centipoises) at 20 degrees of the various solutions given below. Which would dehydrate the slowest? - ANSWER-Isopropanol (2.5) To best demonstrate muscle enzymes, which freezing method should be used? - ANSWER-Isopentane, pre-chilled to -160 degrees C To help preserve membranes in frozen sections, prior to freezing fixed tissue may be placed in a solution of - ANSWER-Sucrose Consider the viscosity (in centipoises) at 20 degrees of various solutions given. Which would clear the slowest? - ANSWER-Xylene (0.7) The oxidizing agent in the Gomori chrome alum-hematoxylin-phloxine procedure for demonstrating alpha & beta cells in the pancreas is - ANSWER-Potassium permanganate Simultaneous coupling is a technique used in - ANSWER-Enzyme histochemistry Antibody diversity is due to different amino acid sequences of the variable regions of the - ANSWER-Light and heavy chains A fungal disease characterized by pleomorphic yeast cells, narrow based budding, and the carminophilia of the organism is - ANSWER-Cryptococcosis One of the most widespread and prevalent of the mycotic diseases in man is - ANSWER-Candidiasis A brown, iron-free pigment found in association with hemochromatosis and that stains with oil soluble dyes in frozen sections is - ANSWER-Hemofuschin A method used for demonstrating acid-fast bacteria that will also demonstrate talcum powder is the - ANSWER-Truant A birefringent reaction product is produced following staining of calcium deposits with which of the following stains - ANSWER-Alizarin red S One of the most useful yet simple, techniques for identifying cell types in the pituitary gland is the - ANSWER-PAS In reference to immunoglobulin molecules, the terms "light" and "heavy" chains refer to the - ANSWER-Mol weight of chains A common acidic auxochrome dis - ANSWER--COOH (carboxylic acid) A stain for thin EM sections that is used in a saturated solution, has a tendency to break down rapidly, and is more soluble in alcohol than water is - ANSWER-Uranyl acetate Control material to be used with best carmine technique can be found in the - ANSWER-Liver Experiments have shown that particular lipid fraction known as mycolic acid exists within the cells walls of - ANSWER-Mycobacterium tuberculosis Fixation in a primary chromate fixative is essential if chromaffin substance is to be demonstrated by which procedure - ANSWER-Schmorl A common cause of hemispherin-laden macrophages in the lungs of elderly patients is - ANSWER-Cardiac failure Which of the following procedures is most suitable for demonstrating secretory granules in a carcinoid tumor? - ANSWER-Sevier-Munger The Bielschowsky method involves double impregnation of brain sections with silver nitrate solution. The reducing agent used in this method is - ANSWER-Formaldehyde The specific substrate of horse radish peroxidase is - ANSWER-Hydrogen peroxidase Granuloma inguinale, a venereal disease, can generally be diagnosed by using which procedure? - ANSWER-Steiner Another name for indirect immunofluorescent staining wherein a two stage method is applied for identifying specific antibody-producing plasma cells within tissue is - ANSWER-Sandwich When helly fluid has been used as a fixative, it is necessary to remove - ANSWER-Mercury crystals A gouty tophus is seen in a fresh tissue specimen. The ideal fixative for the crystals which may be occurring with this condition is - ANSWER-Absolute alcohol An aqueous fixative MUST be chosen for sections that require - ANSWER-The preservation of lipids Tissue fixed in osmium tetroxide must bed - ANSWER-Cut very thin for fixation The difference between Orth & Helly solutions is that ONLY HELLY contains - ANSWER-Mercuric chloride A characteristic of acetone fixation is that - ANSWER-The tissues are over hardened Helly fixative prepared 3 weeks ago is now discolored & turbid. The most likely reason for this is - ANSWER-The premature addition of formaldehyde A small biopsy is submitted with a request for "stat" acid-fast and fungus stains. The tissue should be fixed in - ANSWER-Buffered formalin One of the functions of fixation is to - ANSWER-Inhibit autolytic enzymes A methyl green pyronin procedure is done on a formalin-fixed section of tissue, but there is no evident RNA. Unless the procedure has been modified for formalin-fixation, which fixative would give a more desirable result? - ANSWER-Carnoy Nuclei stained with a new Harris hematoxylin solution are predominately red and imprecisely outlined. This is most likely because of the use of - ANSWER-Incompletely oxidized hematoxylin Microscopic examination of a bone marrow aspirate smear stained with Giemsa shows blue-gray erythrocytes and blue leukocytes. The most likely explanation for this result is that the - ANSWER-Staining solution is too alkaline Following hematoxylin and eosin staining, the slides are dehydrated through ascending strength of alcohol and cleared in xylene; however, the first xylene in the series is milky-white. The most appropriate action is to: - ANSWER-Change alcohols and xylenes at the end of the series Sarcomas - ANSWER-A malignant tumor of connective or other nonepithelial tissue. Adenoma - ANSWER-A benign tumor formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue, ie. pituitary Carcinoma - ANSWER-A cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs