Manual
Table of Contents
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter 2
Cengage Supplements 2
Chapter Objectives 2
Complete List of Chapter Activities and Assessments 3
Key Terms 4
What's New in This Chapter 5
Chapter Outline 5
Discussion Questions 6
Additional Activities and Assignments 8
Additional Resources 11
External Videos......................................................................................................................................11
Internet Resources................................................................................................................................11
Primary Sources and Addi琀椀onal Readings.............................................................................................12
Appendix 16
Generic Rubrics......................................................................................................................................16
Standard Wri琀椀ng Rubric........................................................................................................................16
Standard Discussion Rubric...................................................................................................................17
,Purpose and Perspec琀椀ve of the Chapter
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior, mental processes, and brain functions. This introductory
chapter presents the definition of psychology as well as makes the case for why studying psychology is
important. The chapter then explores the history of psychology and psychological study including a
discussion of contributions made before psychology was formally considered an independent field of
study (ex. Aristotle). Psychology’s earliest roots come from both a blending of philosophy and natural
sciences. Early, formal subfields of psychology such as structuralism, Gestalt psychology, functionalism,
humanistic, psychoanalysis, and others are discussed. This is followed by an overview of the
contemporary perspectives based on the five pillars: Biological, Cognitive, Developmental,
Social/Personality, and Mental/Physical Health. The final part of the chapter addresses what it means to
be a psychologist and how many students come to a psychology class with unrealistic expectations and
myths about the field.
Cengage Supplements
The following product-level supplements provide additional information that may help you in preparing
your course. They are available in the Instructor Resource Center.
● Transition Guide (provides information about what’s new from edition to edition)
● MindTap Educator Guide (The MindTap Educator Guide lists and describes the MindTap
activities you can integrate into your course and provides the default point allocation.)
● Test Bank (contains assessment questions and problems)
● PowerPoint (provides text-based lectures and presentations)
Chapter Objec琀椀ves
The following objectives are addressed in this chapter:
01.01 Identify the five in-depth perspectives of psychology and explain how integrating these
perspectives leads to a more comprehensive and accurate view of behavior and mental
processes.
01.02 Explain why issues of diversity and ethics are important to explore across all topics in
psychology.
01.03 Explain the contributions of philosophy and the natural sciences to our understanding of
modern psychology.
01.04 Describe how early movements in psychology are significant for modern psychology.
01.05 Discuss the importance of the scientific method as a foundation for psychology.
01.06 Explain why psychology’s role as a hub science supports applications in many academic fields,
contributes to the solutions of critical contemporary problems, and informs the development of
public policies.
Complete List of Chapter Ac琀椀vi琀椀es and Assessments
For additional guidance refer to the Guide to Teaching Outline.
Chapter Objective PPT slide Activity/Assessment Duration
, 2 Icebreaker 10 minutes
01.01 10 Poll 1 2 minutes
01.01 13 Poll 2 2 minutes
01.01, 01.04 20–21 Knowledge Check 1 5 minutes
01.04 27–28 Knowledge Check 2 2 minutes
01.06 31 Discussion 5 minutes
01.01, 01.02, 01.03, 33 Self-Assessment 5 minutes
01.04, 01.05, 01.06
MindTap Why Does Psychology as a Science Matter 5–7 minutes
to Me?
MindTap Lesson: How Did the Science of Psychology 5–15
Begin? minutes
MindTap Lesson: Why is Psychology a Hub Science? 5–15
minutes
MindTap Lesson: What are Psychological 5–15
Perspectives in Psychology minutes
MindTap Lesson: Culture and Diversity as Cross- 5–15
cutting Themes in Psychology minutes
MindTap Chapter 01 Mastery Training 5–15
minutes
MindTap Chapter 01 Review 10–20
minutes
MindTap Chapter 01 Test Prep 5–10
minutes
MindTap Real-World Application: Is Freud Relevant? 10–15
minutes
MindTap Research Application: Psychology Myths 10-15
minutes
MindTap Chapter 1 Quiz: The Science of Mind 20 minutes
[return to top]
Key Terms
Behaviorism: An approach that features the study and careful measurement of observable behaviors.
Biological psychology: The psychological perspective that focuses on the relationships between mind
and behavior, as well as their underlying biological processes, including genetics, biochemistry, anatomy,
and physiology; also known as behavioral neuroscience.
Clinical psychology: A psychological perspective that seeks to explain, define, and treat abnormal
behaviors.
Cognitive psychology: A psychological perspective that investigates information processing, thinking,
reasoning, and problem solving.
Cultural diversity: Variations in the practices, values, and goals shared by groups of people.
Developmental psychology: A psychological perspective that examines the normal changes in behavior
that occur across the life span.
, Evolutionary psychology: A psychological perspective that investigates how physical structure and
behavior have been shaped by their contributions to survival and reproduction.
Functionalism: An approach that saw behavior as purposeful and contributing to survival.
Gestalt psychology: An approach that saw experience as being different from the sum of its elements.
Humanistic psychology: An approach that saw people as inherently good and motivated to learn and
improve.
Introspection: A personal observation of your own thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
Mind: The brain and its activities, including thought, emotion, and behavior.
Natural sciences: Sciences that study the physical and biological events that occur in nature.
Philosophy: The discipline that systematically examines basic concepts, including the source of
knowledge.
Psychology: The scientific study of behavior, mental processes, and brain functions.
Personality: An individual’s characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Social psychology: A psychological perspective that examines the effects of the social environment on
the behavior of individuals.
Structuralism: An approach in which the mind is broken into the smallest elements of mental
experience.
[return to top]
What's New in This Chapter
The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:
Expands ties between the textbook and the pillars and cross-cutting themes recommended by the
APA Introductory Psychology Initiative.
Added new section explicitly outlining the advantages of studying psychology for contemporary
students.
Expanded discussion of perspectives to include APA divisions that are not typically covered in
intro psychology textbooks.
Includes a table of common myths in psychology.
Refreshed the Psychology Takes on Real-World Problems feature (cyberbullying in 3e) to a
discussion of pandemics. Includes specific information on policy development.
[return to top]
Chapter Outline
In the outline below, each element includes references (in parentheses) to related content. "##.##” refers
to the chapter number and objective number, and “PPT Slide #” refers to the slide number in the
PowerPoint deck for this chapter (provided in the PowerPoints section of the Instructor Resource
Center). Introduce the chapter and use the Ice Breaker in the PPT if desired, and if one is provided for
this chapter. Review learning objectives for Chapter 1 (PPT Slides 3–4).
Table of Contents
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter 2
Cengage Supplements 2
Chapter Objectives 2
Complete List of Chapter Activities and Assessments 3
Key Terms 4
What's New in This Chapter 5
Chapter Outline 5
Discussion Questions 6
Additional Activities and Assignments 8
Additional Resources 11
External Videos......................................................................................................................................11
Internet Resources................................................................................................................................11
Primary Sources and Addi琀椀onal Readings.............................................................................................12
Appendix 16
Generic Rubrics......................................................................................................................................16
Standard Wri琀椀ng Rubric........................................................................................................................16
Standard Discussion Rubric...................................................................................................................17
,Purpose and Perspec琀椀ve of the Chapter
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior, mental processes, and brain functions. This introductory
chapter presents the definition of psychology as well as makes the case for why studying psychology is
important. The chapter then explores the history of psychology and psychological study including a
discussion of contributions made before psychology was formally considered an independent field of
study (ex. Aristotle). Psychology’s earliest roots come from both a blending of philosophy and natural
sciences. Early, formal subfields of psychology such as structuralism, Gestalt psychology, functionalism,
humanistic, psychoanalysis, and others are discussed. This is followed by an overview of the
contemporary perspectives based on the five pillars: Biological, Cognitive, Developmental,
Social/Personality, and Mental/Physical Health. The final part of the chapter addresses what it means to
be a psychologist and how many students come to a psychology class with unrealistic expectations and
myths about the field.
Cengage Supplements
The following product-level supplements provide additional information that may help you in preparing
your course. They are available in the Instructor Resource Center.
● Transition Guide (provides information about what’s new from edition to edition)
● MindTap Educator Guide (The MindTap Educator Guide lists and describes the MindTap
activities you can integrate into your course and provides the default point allocation.)
● Test Bank (contains assessment questions and problems)
● PowerPoint (provides text-based lectures and presentations)
Chapter Objec琀椀ves
The following objectives are addressed in this chapter:
01.01 Identify the five in-depth perspectives of psychology and explain how integrating these
perspectives leads to a more comprehensive and accurate view of behavior and mental
processes.
01.02 Explain why issues of diversity and ethics are important to explore across all topics in
psychology.
01.03 Explain the contributions of philosophy and the natural sciences to our understanding of
modern psychology.
01.04 Describe how early movements in psychology are significant for modern psychology.
01.05 Discuss the importance of the scientific method as a foundation for psychology.
01.06 Explain why psychology’s role as a hub science supports applications in many academic fields,
contributes to the solutions of critical contemporary problems, and informs the development of
public policies.
Complete List of Chapter Ac琀椀vi琀椀es and Assessments
For additional guidance refer to the Guide to Teaching Outline.
Chapter Objective PPT slide Activity/Assessment Duration
, 2 Icebreaker 10 minutes
01.01 10 Poll 1 2 minutes
01.01 13 Poll 2 2 minutes
01.01, 01.04 20–21 Knowledge Check 1 5 minutes
01.04 27–28 Knowledge Check 2 2 minutes
01.06 31 Discussion 5 minutes
01.01, 01.02, 01.03, 33 Self-Assessment 5 minutes
01.04, 01.05, 01.06
MindTap Why Does Psychology as a Science Matter 5–7 minutes
to Me?
MindTap Lesson: How Did the Science of Psychology 5–15
Begin? minutes
MindTap Lesson: Why is Psychology a Hub Science? 5–15
minutes
MindTap Lesson: What are Psychological 5–15
Perspectives in Psychology minutes
MindTap Lesson: Culture and Diversity as Cross- 5–15
cutting Themes in Psychology minutes
MindTap Chapter 01 Mastery Training 5–15
minutes
MindTap Chapter 01 Review 10–20
minutes
MindTap Chapter 01 Test Prep 5–10
minutes
MindTap Real-World Application: Is Freud Relevant? 10–15
minutes
MindTap Research Application: Psychology Myths 10-15
minutes
MindTap Chapter 1 Quiz: The Science of Mind 20 minutes
[return to top]
Key Terms
Behaviorism: An approach that features the study and careful measurement of observable behaviors.
Biological psychology: The psychological perspective that focuses on the relationships between mind
and behavior, as well as their underlying biological processes, including genetics, biochemistry, anatomy,
and physiology; also known as behavioral neuroscience.
Clinical psychology: A psychological perspective that seeks to explain, define, and treat abnormal
behaviors.
Cognitive psychology: A psychological perspective that investigates information processing, thinking,
reasoning, and problem solving.
Cultural diversity: Variations in the practices, values, and goals shared by groups of people.
Developmental psychology: A psychological perspective that examines the normal changes in behavior
that occur across the life span.
, Evolutionary psychology: A psychological perspective that investigates how physical structure and
behavior have been shaped by their contributions to survival and reproduction.
Functionalism: An approach that saw behavior as purposeful and contributing to survival.
Gestalt psychology: An approach that saw experience as being different from the sum of its elements.
Humanistic psychology: An approach that saw people as inherently good and motivated to learn and
improve.
Introspection: A personal observation of your own thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
Mind: The brain and its activities, including thought, emotion, and behavior.
Natural sciences: Sciences that study the physical and biological events that occur in nature.
Philosophy: The discipline that systematically examines basic concepts, including the source of
knowledge.
Psychology: The scientific study of behavior, mental processes, and brain functions.
Personality: An individual’s characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Social psychology: A psychological perspective that examines the effects of the social environment on
the behavior of individuals.
Structuralism: An approach in which the mind is broken into the smallest elements of mental
experience.
[return to top]
What's New in This Chapter
The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:
Expands ties between the textbook and the pillars and cross-cutting themes recommended by the
APA Introductory Psychology Initiative.
Added new section explicitly outlining the advantages of studying psychology for contemporary
students.
Expanded discussion of perspectives to include APA divisions that are not typically covered in
intro psychology textbooks.
Includes a table of common myths in psychology.
Refreshed the Psychology Takes on Real-World Problems feature (cyberbullying in 3e) to a
discussion of pandemics. Includes specific information on policy development.
[return to top]
Chapter Outline
In the outline below, each element includes references (in parentheses) to related content. "##.##” refers
to the chapter number and objective number, and “PPT Slide #” refers to the slide number in the
PowerPoint deck for this chapter (provided in the PowerPoints section of the Instructor Resource
Center). Introduce the chapter and use the Ice Breaker in the PPT if desired, and if one is provided for
this chapter. Review learning objectives for Chapter 1 (PPT Slides 3–4).
