Manual
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter..................................................................................................3
Chapter Objectives....................................................................................................................................3
Complete List of Chapter Activities and Assessments............................................................................3
Key Terms..................................................................................................................................................4
What’s New in This Chapter....................................................................................................................6
Chapter Outline.........................................................................................................................................6
Additional Discussion Questions............................................................................................................16
Additional Activities and Assignments..................................................................................................16
Lecture Enrichment................................................................................................................................16
II. B. 4. – Unusual Circumstances Surrounding the Death and Burial of René Descartes......................16
Section III. C. – Using Neuroimaging Examples in the Classroom.......................................................17
Supplemental Teaching Strategies and Tools........................................................................................17
Discussion of Trepanation.................................................................................................................17
Understanding Fluid Dynamics as a Functional Model of the Nervous System................................18
Discussion of Neuroimaging Techniques..........................................................................................18
Clicker Questions For Audience Response Systems..............................................................................18
Additional Resources...............................................................................................................................20
External Videos/Film Clips...................................................................................................................20
Primary Sources and Supplemental Reading.........................................................................................22
History of Neuroscience....................................................................................................................22
High-Power Magnets and Aversive Physiological Effects.................................................................22
Handbook of Functional Neuroimaging of Cognition........................................................................23
Open Science Resources........................................................................................................................23
Ethical Use of Animals in Research..................................................................................................23
Public Policies and Stem Cell Research.............................................................................................24
,PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER
The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of behavioral neuroscience approaches, including
classification of various neuroscience subfields, discussion of major historical findings, and a description
of various brain imaging technologies and study designs. Open science approaches and ethical research
practices for working with human and animal subjects will also be discussed.
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CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
The following objectives are addressed in this chapter:
1. Classify the subfields of neuroscience and explain how behavioral neuroscience fits within
the field.
2. Interpret the significance of the major historical highlights in the study of the nervous system.
3. Differentiate the brain imaging technologies, including CT, PET, SPECT, MRI, fMRI,
fNIRS, and DTI.
4. Assess the use of microscopic the use of microscopic, peripheral, recording, stimulation,
optogenetic, lesion, and biochemical methods in behavioral neuroscience.
5. Analyze the relative strengths and weaknesses of twin studies, adoption studies, and
molecular genetics for understanding behavior.
6. Evaluate the contributions of open science approaches and ethical research practices to
progress in behavioral neuroscience.
[return to top]
COMPLETE LIST OF CHAPTER ACTIVITIES AND ASSESSMENTS
The following table organizes activities and assessments by objective, so that you can see how all this
content relates to objectives and make decisions about which content you would like to emphasize in your
class based on your objectives. For additional guidance, refer to the Teaching Online Guide.
Chapter Activity/Assessment Source (i.e., PPT Duration Certification
Objective slide, Workbook) Standard
LO1 Icebreaker PPT 5–10 min
LO6 Think Pair-Share Activity PPT 5–10 min
LO3 Knowledge Check 1 PPT 2 min
LO4 Knowledge Check 2 PPT 2 min
LO6 Discussion Activity PPT 5–10 min
LO1 Self Assessment Activity PPT 5–10 min
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KEY TERMS
invasiveness: A measure of the degree of harm involved with a method.
,spatial resolution: The ability to see fine detail in an image.
temporal resolution: The ability to obtain information without delay.
facial electromyography (fEMG): The recording of the activity of facial muscles used to assess the
quality and intensity of emotional expression.
heart rate variability (HRV): A measure of the variability in the spacing of heartbeats believed to
reflect a person’s level of stress.
skin conductance recording (SCR): A measure of general arousal taken with surface electrodes placed
on the skin; also known as a Galvanic skin response.
eye tracking: A method for identifying where a person is looking and for how long.
pupil dilation: A measure of general arousal and positive or negative reactions to visual stimuli.
positron emission tomography (PET): An imaging technique that provides information regarding the
localization of brain activity.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): An imaging technique that provides very high-resolution structural
images.
voxel: Short for “volume pixel.” A pixel is the smallest distinguishable square part of a two-dimensional
image. A voxel is the smallest distinguishable box-shaped part of a three-dimensional image.
functional MRI (fMRI): A technology using a series of MRI images taken 1 to 4 seconds apart in order
to assess the activity of the brain.
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI): Use of MRI technology to trace fiber pathways in the brain by tracking
the flow of water.
functional near-infrared spectrometry (fNIRS): A method of measuring brain activity similar to fMRI.
electroencephalogram (EEG): The recording of the brain’s electrical activity through electrodes placed
on the scalp.
event-related potential (ERP): An alteration in the EEG recording produced in response to the
application of a particular stimulus.
magnetoencephalography (MEG): A technology for recording the magnetic output of the brain.
single-cell recording: The recording of the activity of single neurons through microelectrodes surgically
implanted in the area of interest.
hyperscanning: A method of simultaneously recording brain activity from two or more individuals using
fMRI, fNIRS, or EEG.
repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): A technique for stimulating the cortex at regular
intervals by applying a magnetic pulse through a wire coil encased in plastic and placed on the scalp.
transcranial electrical stimulation (tES): A method for delivering electrical current to the brain through
surface electrodes.
, optogenetics: The genetic insertion of molecules into specific neurons that allows the activity of the
neurons to be controlled by light.
lesion: Pathological or traumatic damage to tissue.
microdialysis: A technique for assessing the chemical composition of a very small area of the brain.
functional magnetic resonance spectrometry (fMRS): A non-invasive method for assessing changes in
the activity of neurochemicals in the brain.
concordance rate: The statistical probability that two cases will agree; usually used to predict the risk of
an identical twin for developing a condition already diagnosed in their twin.
heritability: The amount that a trait varies in a population due to genetics.
molecular genetics: A field of study that attempts to link features of organisms to their underlying DNA.
forward screen: A method that begins with a phenotype and attempts to discover its underlying genetic
correlates.
genome-wide association study (GWAS): A method using the entire genome to search for individual
genes that vary between particular phenotypes.
reverse screen: The replacement of a gene of interest with a knockout version to discover the effects of
the gene on the resulting phenotype.
open science: Initiatives aimed to improve the openness, integrity, and reproducibility of scientific
research.
[return to top]
WHAT’S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER
The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:
Included new Connecting to Research topic: The effects of loneliness on the immune system.
Added description of applied areas of forensic and consumer neuroscience.
Introduced organizing principles for evaluating methods: invasiveness, spatial resolution, and
temporal resolution.
Added section on peripheral methods, including facial electromyography, heart rate variance, skin
conductance, eye tracking, and pupil dilation. Related the use of these technologies to applied
fields, such as consumer neuroscience.
Added description of functional near-infrared spectrometry (fNIRS), hyperscanning, EEG
microstates, transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), and functional magnetic resonance
spectrometry (fMRS).
Added section on Open Science related to neuroscience, including discussion of power and fMRI
studies.
[return to top]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter..................................................................................................3
Chapter Objectives....................................................................................................................................3
Complete List of Chapter Activities and Assessments............................................................................3
Key Terms..................................................................................................................................................4
What’s New in This Chapter....................................................................................................................6
Chapter Outline.........................................................................................................................................6
Additional Discussion Questions............................................................................................................16
Additional Activities and Assignments..................................................................................................16
Lecture Enrichment................................................................................................................................16
II. B. 4. – Unusual Circumstances Surrounding the Death and Burial of René Descartes......................16
Section III. C. – Using Neuroimaging Examples in the Classroom.......................................................17
Supplemental Teaching Strategies and Tools........................................................................................17
Discussion of Trepanation.................................................................................................................17
Understanding Fluid Dynamics as a Functional Model of the Nervous System................................18
Discussion of Neuroimaging Techniques..........................................................................................18
Clicker Questions For Audience Response Systems..............................................................................18
Additional Resources...............................................................................................................................20
External Videos/Film Clips...................................................................................................................20
Primary Sources and Supplemental Reading.........................................................................................22
History of Neuroscience....................................................................................................................22
High-Power Magnets and Aversive Physiological Effects.................................................................22
Handbook of Functional Neuroimaging of Cognition........................................................................23
Open Science Resources........................................................................................................................23
Ethical Use of Animals in Research..................................................................................................23
Public Policies and Stem Cell Research.............................................................................................24
,PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER
The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of behavioral neuroscience approaches, including
classification of various neuroscience subfields, discussion of major historical findings, and a description
of various brain imaging technologies and study designs. Open science approaches and ethical research
practices for working with human and animal subjects will also be discussed.
[return to top]
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
The following objectives are addressed in this chapter:
1. Classify the subfields of neuroscience and explain how behavioral neuroscience fits within
the field.
2. Interpret the significance of the major historical highlights in the study of the nervous system.
3. Differentiate the brain imaging technologies, including CT, PET, SPECT, MRI, fMRI,
fNIRS, and DTI.
4. Assess the use of microscopic the use of microscopic, peripheral, recording, stimulation,
optogenetic, lesion, and biochemical methods in behavioral neuroscience.
5. Analyze the relative strengths and weaknesses of twin studies, adoption studies, and
molecular genetics for understanding behavior.
6. Evaluate the contributions of open science approaches and ethical research practices to
progress in behavioral neuroscience.
[return to top]
COMPLETE LIST OF CHAPTER ACTIVITIES AND ASSESSMENTS
The following table organizes activities and assessments by objective, so that you can see how all this
content relates to objectives and make decisions about which content you would like to emphasize in your
class based on your objectives. For additional guidance, refer to the Teaching Online Guide.
Chapter Activity/Assessment Source (i.e., PPT Duration Certification
Objective slide, Workbook) Standard
LO1 Icebreaker PPT 5–10 min
LO6 Think Pair-Share Activity PPT 5–10 min
LO3 Knowledge Check 1 PPT 2 min
LO4 Knowledge Check 2 PPT 2 min
LO6 Discussion Activity PPT 5–10 min
LO1 Self Assessment Activity PPT 5–10 min
[return to top]
KEY TERMS
invasiveness: A measure of the degree of harm involved with a method.
,spatial resolution: The ability to see fine detail in an image.
temporal resolution: The ability to obtain information without delay.
facial electromyography (fEMG): The recording of the activity of facial muscles used to assess the
quality and intensity of emotional expression.
heart rate variability (HRV): A measure of the variability in the spacing of heartbeats believed to
reflect a person’s level of stress.
skin conductance recording (SCR): A measure of general arousal taken with surface electrodes placed
on the skin; also known as a Galvanic skin response.
eye tracking: A method for identifying where a person is looking and for how long.
pupil dilation: A measure of general arousal and positive or negative reactions to visual stimuli.
positron emission tomography (PET): An imaging technique that provides information regarding the
localization of brain activity.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): An imaging technique that provides very high-resolution structural
images.
voxel: Short for “volume pixel.” A pixel is the smallest distinguishable square part of a two-dimensional
image. A voxel is the smallest distinguishable box-shaped part of a three-dimensional image.
functional MRI (fMRI): A technology using a series of MRI images taken 1 to 4 seconds apart in order
to assess the activity of the brain.
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI): Use of MRI technology to trace fiber pathways in the brain by tracking
the flow of water.
functional near-infrared spectrometry (fNIRS): A method of measuring brain activity similar to fMRI.
electroencephalogram (EEG): The recording of the brain’s electrical activity through electrodes placed
on the scalp.
event-related potential (ERP): An alteration in the EEG recording produced in response to the
application of a particular stimulus.
magnetoencephalography (MEG): A technology for recording the magnetic output of the brain.
single-cell recording: The recording of the activity of single neurons through microelectrodes surgically
implanted in the area of interest.
hyperscanning: A method of simultaneously recording brain activity from two or more individuals using
fMRI, fNIRS, or EEG.
repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): A technique for stimulating the cortex at regular
intervals by applying a magnetic pulse through a wire coil encased in plastic and placed on the scalp.
transcranial electrical stimulation (tES): A method for delivering electrical current to the brain through
surface electrodes.
, optogenetics: The genetic insertion of molecules into specific neurons that allows the activity of the
neurons to be controlled by light.
lesion: Pathological or traumatic damage to tissue.
microdialysis: A technique for assessing the chemical composition of a very small area of the brain.
functional magnetic resonance spectrometry (fMRS): A non-invasive method for assessing changes in
the activity of neurochemicals in the brain.
concordance rate: The statistical probability that two cases will agree; usually used to predict the risk of
an identical twin for developing a condition already diagnosed in their twin.
heritability: The amount that a trait varies in a population due to genetics.
molecular genetics: A field of study that attempts to link features of organisms to their underlying DNA.
forward screen: A method that begins with a phenotype and attempts to discover its underlying genetic
correlates.
genome-wide association study (GWAS): A method using the entire genome to search for individual
genes that vary between particular phenotypes.
reverse screen: The replacement of a gene of interest with a knockout version to discover the effects of
the gene on the resulting phenotype.
open science: Initiatives aimed to improve the openness, integrity, and reproducibility of scientific
research.
[return to top]
WHAT’S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER
The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:
Included new Connecting to Research topic: The effects of loneliness on the immune system.
Added description of applied areas of forensic and consumer neuroscience.
Introduced organizing principles for evaluating methods: invasiveness, spatial resolution, and
temporal resolution.
Added section on peripheral methods, including facial electromyography, heart rate variance, skin
conductance, eye tracking, and pupil dilation. Related the use of these technologies to applied
fields, such as consumer neuroscience.
Added description of functional near-infrared spectrometry (fNIRS), hyperscanning, EEG
microstates, transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), and functional magnetic resonance
spectrometry (fMRS).
Added section on Open Science related to neuroscience, including discussion of power and fMRI
studies.
[return to top]
