NURS 451 Test 2 latest questions and answers all are correct graded A+

eustress - a positive beneficial energy that motivates and results in feelings of happiness, hopefulness, and purposeful movement distress - a negative draining energy that results in anxiety, depression, confusion, helplessness, hopelessness, and fatigue mild anxiety - occurs in the normal experience of everyday living moderate anxiety - perceptual field narrows; selective inattention severe anxiety - perceptual field greatly reduced; learning and problem solving not possible at this level, behavior is aimed at reducing anxiety panic - not able to process; may lose touch with reality panic signs and symptoms - delusions and hallucinations, diaphoresis, dilated pupils, labored breathing, muscular incoordination, palpitations, sense of impending doom, sleeplessness, trembling, unusual behaviors, withdrawal of self five properties of defense mechanisms - 1. Manage conflict and affect 2. Relatively unconscious 3. Discrete from one another 4. Often hallmarks of psychiatric syndromes, but reversible 5. Adaptive as well as pathological compensation - something given to make up for something else conversion - unconscious transformation of anxiety into a physical symptom with no organic causedenial - Defense mechanism by which people refuse to accept reality. displacement - psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet dissociation - A splitting off of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness. identification - the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos intellectualization - Less mature defense; dealing with the strong affect or emotion which should be associated with an action or event by substituting excessive use of intellectual concepts projection - psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others rationalization - defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions reaction formation - psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites regression - psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated repression - in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories splitting - inability to incorporate good and bad; only black and white thinkingsublimation - Defense mechanism by which people redirect socially unacceptable impulses toward acceptable goals. suppression - Consciously and intentionally pushing unpleasant feelings out of one's mind undoing - an ego defense mechanism whereby a person unconsciously cancels out an unacceptable desire or act by performing another act anxiety disorders - most prevalent lifetime psychiatric disorder in US, has genetic and biological causes kindling - in chronic trauma, we see a stronger psychological response and physiological response are elicited with stressors of diminishing strength separation anxiety disorder - a disorder marked by excessive anxiety, even panic, whenever the person is separated from home, a parent, or another attachment figure phobias - A group of anxiety disorders involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation social anxiety disorder - intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such panic disorders - 1 month or more of: persistent concern about having attacks, worry about consequences, significant changes in behavior interventions for panic attack - 1) Remain with the client 2) Attend to physical symptoms 3) Assist client to identify thoughts that aroused the anxiety 4) Assist client to change the unrealistic thoughts to realistic thoughts 5) Use cognitive restructuring to replace distorted thinking6) Administer antianxiety meds as prescribed attentional bias - describes a situation in which people pay extra attention to some stimuli or some features generalized anxiety disorder - client will have three or more for > 6 months: restlessness, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, tension, sleep disturbances obsessions - thoughts, impulses, or images that persist and recur, so that they cannot be dismissed from the mind compulsions - ritualistic behaviors that an individual feels driven to perform in an attempt to reduce anxiety excoriation - Skin sore or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping, an anxious behavior trichotillimania - hair pulling disorder interventions for anxiety - spiritual, physical exercise, relaxation therapy, cognitive reframing, mindfulness, milieu therapy selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - first line for anxiety; paroxetine, fluoxetine, escitalopram, sertraline serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors - first line for anxiety; venlafaxine, duloxetine anxiolytics - alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clorazepate, diazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, clonazepam other meds for anxiety - tricyclic antidepressants, antihistamines, beta blockers, anticonvulsantsacute stress disorder - a disorder in which a person experiences fear and related symptoms soon after a traumatic event but for less than a month symptoms of acute stress disorder - depersonalization, numbing, dissociative amnesia, intense anxiety, hypervigilance, and impairment in everyday functioning adjustment disorder - a disorder in which a person's response to a common stressor is maladaptive and occurs within 3 months of the stressor; may be precipitated by an event but not a specifically traumatic one reactive attachment disorder - Attachment disorder in which a child with disturbed behavior neither seeks out a caregiver nor responds to offers of help from one; fearfulness and sadness are often evident. disinhibited social engagement disorder - condition in which a child shows no inhibitions whatsoever in approaching adults; child will attach to anyone posttraumatic stress disorder - person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event that involved actual or threatened death to self or others, responding in fear, helplessness, or horror symptoms of PTSD - flashbacks, avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma, experience of persistent numbing of responses, arousal, intrusion, nightmares, mood swings dissociative disorders - interruption in the normally well-integrated continuum of a person's consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior; considered to be a coping mechanism prolonged childhood trauma - What is the primary cause of dissociative disorder? dissociative amnesia - Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is inconsistent with ordinary forgettinglocalized amnesia - failure to recall events that occur during a certain period of time; most common form of dissociative amnesia selective amnesia - individual can recall only certain incidents associated with a stressful event for a specific period after the event generalized amnesia - inability to recall anything that has happened during the individual's entire lifetime, including personal identity, very rare systematized amnesia - inability to recall events relating to a specific category of information, such as one's family or one particular person or event continuous amnesia - individual forgets each new event as it occurs dissociative fugue - apparently purposeful travel or bewildered wandering that is associated with amnesia for identity or for other important autobiographical information, sometimes a new identity is assumed; rare depersonalization - a dissociative disorder characterized by persistent or recurrent feelings of detachment from one's mental processes or body derealization - situation in which the individual loses a sense of the reality of the external world dissociative identity disorder - A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder. treatments for dissociative identity disorder - psychotherapy: managing and uncovering personalities, treat traumatic memories and fuse personalities, consolidating the person's new personality; hypnosis, medications, prevention depressive disorders - Disruptive Mood Dysregulation DisorderMajor Depressive Disorder Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Substance/Medication Induced Depressive Disorder Depressive Disorder from a medical condition diagnostic criteria for depression - Five or more symptoms present during the same 2 week period and represent a change from previous functioning. At least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) anhendonia One of the symptoms may be that they *havent ever* had a manic episode or hypomanic episode - because then you know they are bipolar signs and symptoms of depression - Depressed mood with a loss of interest in them pleasure in life, the client has sustained a loss, significant change in appetite, often accompanied by a change in weight, insomnia or hypersomnia, fatigue or lack of energy, feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt, or over responsibility, loss of ability to concentrate or think clearly, and preoccupation with death or suicide persistent depressive disorder - depressive disorder characterized by a chronically sad and melancholy mood; 1 year for kids and 2 years for adults and elderly major depressive disorder - A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities. Can be chronic biological domain of depression - dysregulation of neurotransmitters, vegetative symptoms, somatization, genetics, environmental factors biochemical factors for depression - serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, Ach, GABA, BDNFamygdala, prefrontal cortex, ventromedial cortex - areas of the brain involved in depression