human_anatomy_and_physiology_form__function__and_homeostasis

Human Anatomy and Physiology Form, Function, and Homeostasis Written and edited by Keith Schillo BraniacsBassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher John Remington, Acquisitions Editor Michelle Piehl, Project Editor Berenice Quirino, Associate Production Editor Miguel Macias, Senior Graphic Designer Stephanie Kohl, Licensing Associate Jennifer Redding, Interior Designer Natalie Piccotti, Director of Marketing Kassie Graves, Vice President of Editorial Jamie Giganti, Director of Academic Publishing Copyright © 2019 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. 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ISBN: 978-1-5165-2957-5 (pbk) / 978-1-5165-2958-2 (br) BraniacsHuman Anatomy and Physiology Form, Function, and Homeostasis BraniacsCONTENTS v CHAPTEr 1: Constructing a Foundation 1 CHAPTEr 2: Overview of Cell Biology 19 CHAPTEr 3: Tissues 53 CHAPTEr 4: Integumentary System 81 CHAPTEr 5: Bone Structure and Bone Tissue 99 CHAPTEr 6: Anatomy of the Skeletal System 121 CHAPTEr 7: Muscle Tissue 151 CHAPTEr 8: Anatomy of the Muscular System 181 CHAPTEr 9: Neural Tissue 205 CHAPTEr 10: Anatomy of the Nervous System 227 CHAPTEr 11: Sensory Receptors, Information Processing and Sensory Perception 255 CHAPTEr 12: Motor Systems and Neural Integration 269 CHAPTEr 13: Endocrine System and Autonomic Nervous System 289 Braniacsvi | HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSiOLOGY CHAPTEr 14: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System 319 CHAPTEr 15: Cardiovascular Physiology 355 CHAPTEr 16: Respiratory System 389 CHAPTEr 17: Digestive System 421 CHAPTEr 18: Energy Metabolism and Temperature Regulation 463 CHAPTEr 19: Urinary System 485 CHAPTEr 20: Anatomy of the Reproductive System 517 CHAPTEr 21: Physiology of Reproduction 533 Braniacs1 CONSTRUCTING A FOUNDATION CHAPTEr 1 CHAPTEr OBJECTivES: • Explain the difference between anatomy and physiology. • Explain the relationship between structure and function. • Describe major levels of organization for a particular organ system. • Define homeostasis and identify examples of this concept. • Recognize negative and positive feedback systems. • Use anatomic terminology to describe body locations. • Identify major body cavities and describe their structures. Braniacs2 | HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSiOLOGY THE DiSCiPLiNES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSiOLOGY T he purpose of this book is to help you develop an understanding of the human body. Such understanding requires an appreciation for both the structure and function of various body parts. The study of body structure is called anatomy, whereas the study of body functions is called physiology. These two disciplines of biology are closely related. In fact, it is almost impossible to learn about function without understanding structure; for example, imagine how difficult it would be to understand how bones support the body without an appreciation for the fact that they are rigid structures comprised of a protein matrix and minerals. On the other hand, a lack of knowledge about function makes the study of structure very tedious. It is possible to learn the names of all the muscles and bones in the human body, but these names are almost meaningless without understanding how each of these structures allows us to move. As you will soon learn, both the structure and function of the human body can be understood at several levels including: 1) organ systems; 2) individual organs; 3) tissues; 4) cells; 5) molecules. Humans have been studying the structure of the human body for thousands of years. For much of this time these studies were confined to macroscopic or gross anatomy, a practice that typically required dissection of cadavers. The term anatomy is derived from a Greek term meaning “I cut up.” Cadaver dissections are still important for studying the human body plan, but today it is possible to study human anatomy with the use of scale models, virtual representations of human structure, as well as in living persons using X-ray, ultrasound, and other imaging technologies. The invention of microscopes expanded anatomy to include microscopic investigations. This includes the study of tissues (histology) and the study of cells (cytology). Human physiology focuses on the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans at each of the aforementioned levels of organization. In other words, physiology involves the application of chemistry and physics to describe how the human body works. CONCEPTUAL FrAMEWOrK FOr STUDYiNG HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSiOLOGY Learning about a subject is usually facilitated by first providing a conceptual framework; that is, the organization of major concepts or ideas that provide a foundation for a particular subject matter. An investigation of human anatomy and physiology is typically organized by organ system; that is, a collection of organs that serve a particular process or set of processes. The major organ systems are: • integumentary (Skin) • Skeletal BraniacsCHAPTEr 1 | 3 • Muscular • Nervous • Endocrine • Cardiovascular • Lymphatic/immune • respiratory • Digestive • Urinary • reproductive Our studies of these systems will embrace three fundamental themes that will help you organize information. 1 Structure determines function. 2 The body is organized in multiple levels. 3 Organ systems perform various processes that maintain homeostasis. STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION One of the fundamental themes of biology is that the structure of a feature determines its function. This theme is particularly important in the combined study of human anatomy and physiology. This relationship applies to whole bodies as well as body parts. It also applies at the macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular levels. This concept is easily illustrated by examining the structures shown in Figure 1.1. Which one of these seems most suited to transporting fluids? Which one is better suited to storing fluids? As you study the structure and function of the body, keep this relationship in mind. It will help you learn both anatomy and physiology. Figure 1.1: Which structure is better suited for transporting a fluid? Which one is better suited for storing fluid? Braniacs4 | HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSiOLOGY